IP ADDRESSING

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-5

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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, STUDENT(S) MUST be able to:

Discuss the information about IP addressing and its components.

Know the difference between dynamic and static ip address.

Know how to configure correct ip address.

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 THE IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL)
It is the fundamental protocol for communications on the Internet. It specifies the way
information is packetized, addressed, transferred, routed, and received by networked
devices. IP history

Its development began in 1974, led by computer scientists Bob Kahn and Vint
Cerf. It is frequently used in conjunction with the Transmission Control Protocol,
or TCP. Together they are referred to as TCP/IP.

The first major version of the Internet Protocol was version 4, or IPv4. In 1981, it
was formally defined in RFC 791 by the Internet Engineering Task Force, or IETF.

The successor to IPv4 is IPv6, which was formalized by the IETF in 1998. It was
designed to eventually replace IPv4. As of 2018, IPv6 governs approximately
20% of all Internet traffic.

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 An IP address is a number identifying of a
computer or another device on the Internet.
It is similar to a mailing address, which
identifies where postal mail comes from and
where it should be delivered. IP addresses
uniquely identify the source and destination
of data transmitted with the Internet Protocol.

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 IP address classes
With an IPv4 IP address, there are five classes
of available IP ranges: Class A, Class B, Class
C, Class D and Class E, while only A, B, and C
are commonly used. Each class allows for a
range of valid IP addresses, shown in the Ranges 127.x.x.x are
following table. reserved for the loopback
or localhost, for example,
127.0.0.1 is the loopback
address. Range
255.255.255.255
broadcasts to all hosts on
the local network.

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 Static vs. dynamic IP addresses
IP addresses are assigned in two different ways. They
may be dynamically assigned (they can change
automatically) or statically assigned (they're intended
not to change and must be changed manually). Most
home networks use dynamic allocation. Your router uses
DHCP to temporarily assign, or "lease," an IP address to
your device. After a period of time, this lease "expires,"
and the router renews your old address or assigns you a
new one, depending on the needs of the network and
the configuration of the router.

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 If you have ever tried to change the settings on
your router, you may be familiar with the
address 192.168.1.1. Commonly, this is your
router's address, If you enter this address into
the address bar of your web browser, you can
open your router's configuration interface. (Your
router's address may be different - check your
manual.)

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 How data is sent to
an IP address on
another network
The following diagram
illustrates how your
home computer might
obtain an IP address
and send data to an IP
address on another
network.

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 Packet
The packet is a term first coined by Donald Davies in
1965 that is used to describe a segment of data sent
from one computer or device to another over a network.
You can think of it as a package filled with data being
delivered to another area. A packet is used because it
divides data into easier-to-manage "chunks," which
move information more efficiently and keep network
resources from being tied up by a single, larger file.

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 What is in a packet?
A packet contains a source, destination, data, size, and other useful
information that helps packet make it to the appropriate location and get
reassembled properly. Below is a breakdown of a TCP packet.

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 Network packet basics

Another name for a packet is a datagram.

Data transferred over the Internet is sent as one or more

packets. The most common packet sent is the TCP packet.

The size of a packet is limited, so most data sent over a

network is broken up into multiple packets before being
sent out and then put back together when received.

When a packet is transmitted over a network, network

routers and switches examine the packet and its source to
help direct it to the correct location.

During its transmission, network packets can be dropped. If

a packet is not received or an error occurs, it is sent again.

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 ASSIGNING IP ADDRESS

When organizing your home network, it’s easier to assign

each computer its own IP address than using DHCP. Here
we will take a look at doing it Windows 7, Windows 8.x,
and Windows 10.
If you have a home network with several computes and
devices, it’s a good idea to assign each of them a specific
address. If you use DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol), each computer will request and be assigned an
address every time it’s booted up. When you have to do
troubleshooting on your network, it’s annoying going to
each machine to figure out what IP they have.

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 ASSIGNING IP ADDRESS

Using Static IPs prevents address conflicts between

devices and allows you to manage them more easily.
Assigning IPs to Windows is essentially the same process,
but getting to where you need to be varies between each
version.
If you are using windows 7, windows 8.1, windows server
or windows 10 do the following instructions.

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 Type ncpa.cpl then click OK or press Enter.

Figure 1 Run command.

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 Right-click on your
local adapter and
select Properties.

Figure 2 Network connection properties

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 In the Local Area Connection Properties
window highlight Internet Protocol Version 4
(TCP/IPv4) then click the Properties button.

Figure 3 Network connection properties

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 Now select the radio button Use the following IP address
and enter in the correct IP, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway that corresponds with your network setup. Then
enter your Preferred and Alternate DNS server addresses.
Here we’re on a home network and using a simple Class C
network configuration and default configuration based on
my router’s configuration setting. In this case connection is
connected to a hotspot named as “itsmeismael” I used its
default gateway address for default gateway and dns
address. I strongly recommend that if you have router with
an internet connection it is best practice to configure your
DNS and default gateway based on your routers address for
you to enable internet connection failure to do so, it may
lead to WAN network disconnection. Figure 4.1 it shows the
default gateway address that must to use for DNS and
default gateway configuration.
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 To check your gateway address open your
command prompt then type ipconfig

Figure 4.1 Checking default gateway address

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 When you’re finished click OK.

Figure 4.2 TCP/IPv4 Properties

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 Open the command
prompt and type
ipconfig to see if the
network adapter
settings have been
successfully changed.

Figure 5 Checking configured ip configurations

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 Summary

This configuration is applicable in most of

windows operating system. In this lesson I used
windows 10 version build 14393. In configuring
static IP address we need to remember some key
points such as, gateway and dns ip address. We
could not create different range of IP addresses
that contrast to current network configuration if
we are going to connect our computer to an
existing WAN. However, we can skip DNS and
default gateway if just wanted to test the
connectivity of two or more different nodes in a
standalone LAN connection and without having
router, gateway or any ISP modem.
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