Scribd
Upload
19 views16 pages

DC Motor Speed Control

The document discusses the importance of speed control in DC motors for energy efficiency and performance, highlighting the relationship between motor speed and applied voltage. It outlines various methods for controlling speed, including rheostats, electronic converters, and pulse-width modulation (PWM), while also detailing the advantages of variable speed drives. Additionally, it explains different types of DC motors and their speed regulation characteristics under various excitation methods.

Uploaded by

Carlos Bello
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views16 pages

DC Motor Speed Control

The document discusses the importance of speed control in DC motors for energy efficiency and performance, highlighting the relationship between motor speed and applied voltage. It outlines various methods for controlling speed, including rheostats, electronic converters, and pulse-width modulation (PWM), while also detailing the advantages of variable speed drives. Additionally, it explains different types of DC motors and their speed regulation characteristics under various excitation methods.

Uploaded by

Carlos Bello
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

DC Motor Speed

Control.
8° Semestre
Maestro:
• Ing. Julian del Ángel Perez
Integrantes:
•David Manuel Pastrana 20570257
•Carlos Alberto Bello Sanchez 21570125
•Leonardo Ezequiel Cabañas Bravo Reyes 20570124
06/02/2025
Introduction
• Speed control of DC motors is critical to achieving energy efficiency and
improving performance in a variety of applications.
DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
• There is a strong dependence between the speed of the DC motor and the
voltage applied to its terminals, especially in the case of permanent
magnets. That is why, in order to control this type of motor, it is sought to
build continuously variable voltage sources.
• The simplest solution is to use rheostats to control voltage. However, this
component strongly limits the current, in addition to dissipating power
unnecessarily, with the consequent alteration of the torque characteristics
of the machine.
Alternatively, electronic
converters can be used to achieve
much more efficient and versatile
control. Typically, step-down
circuits are used to regulate the
speed of this type of motors, such
as the one shown in Figure, whose
voltage control is carried out by
means of pulse-width modulation
(PWM) of the power signal of the
T1 transistor, which operates as a
switch, allowing the passage of
current and abruptly cutting it off
at high frequency.
Finally, the capacitor is able to provide high currents for short
periods of time for start-up and also stabilizes the V voltage by
suppressing transids. Pulse-width modulation consists of controlling
the time the T1 transistor conducts with respect to the time during
which it is off for a fixed switching frequency. The duty cycle is
defined as:

• Where is the time the transistor conducts and is the time it does
not drive. T is the commutation period. Then, the average voltage
in the motor (Vs) is given by:

• The control of the duty cycle can be carried out by means of


analogue or digital circuits, also allowing the implementation of
control loops to achieve, for example, regulating the current to
obtain a desired torque regardless of the speed.
Reasons for using variable speed
drives
Smoother operations.
Acceleration control.
Different operating speeds for each phase of the process.
Variable compensation in variable processes.
Allow slow operations for tuning or testing purposes.
Adjustment of the production rate.
Enable high-precision positioning.
• Torque control.
Types of variable speed drives
• There are basically three ways to vary the speed of DC motors:
• By using a mechanical gearbox;
• By using a series resistor. Measure the current drawn by the motor and
calculate the value of the series resistor needed to reduce the voltage
applied to the motor. Lower voltage means the motor will turn slower.
The problem with this method is that the current drawn by the motor
increases. Higher current means a higher voltage drop across the series
resistor and therefore even less voltage applied to the motor. The motor
then tries to draw more current, resulting in the motor stopping due to
lack of voltage.
• By applying power to the motor for a variable time, thus eliminating the
effect of the voltage drop.
Control Methods
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control
Pulse Width Regulation of a DC motor is based on the fact that if
the DC supply is cut in the form of a square wave, the power
received by the motor will decrease proportionally to the ratio
between the high (enable current) and low (zero current) part of
the square wave cycle. By controlling this ratio, the speed of the
motor can be varied in a fairly acceptable manner.
The circuit below is an example of a Pulse-width-
Modulated (PWM) control, which could be retrofitted to
the H-Bridge circuit
• H-Bridge: Circuit to control direct current motors. The
name refers to the position where the transistors are in
the circuit diagram.
• To control the speed and direction of travel of DC
motors. The first circuit with the BUZ11 power MOSFET
allows medium and large motors to be controlled, up to
10 A current.
• The second circuit with the 2N2222A transistor is for small
motors, producing a load of up to 800 mA.
• The next one is a generic pulse
generation circuit that can be used
in those places where a not too
accurate digital clock pulse is
necessary. Changing the values of
R1 and R2 adjusts the basic
frequency. The potentiometer
regulates the pulse width.
• Below is the basic circuit and the
formula for calculating the pulse
widths generated by the integrated
• Speed regulation in a motor is a measure of the change
in speed from idle to full load operation, generally
expressed as a percentage of the speed corresponding
to the rated load, i.e.:
Speed regulation in a
motor with series
excitation.

• The speed regulation in a


series engine is very bad
because when idle its speed
increases to infinity, even
self-destructing. One way to
regulate speed is the series
motor consists of inserting
an external resistor in series
with the motor circuit
Speed control in a motor with shunt
excitation
• The speed in bypass motors can be
considered as constant when operating
without load and going to full load, so it
can be deduced that the speed
regulation in this type of motorcycle
Speed control in a motor with
compound excitation
• Because in the composite motor the serial coil
can be connected with a polarity such that the
magnetic flux produced adds to or subtracts
from the flux produced by the field of the
bypass coil, the speed regulation is not the
same in each case. For a cumulative
composite engine, the speed regulation is less
good than that of a bypass motor, although
unlike the series engine, this motor does not
run amok when the load is removed. The
differential composite motor has a negative
speed regulation due to its instability under
load.

You might also like