Chapter 5

Fundamentals of TCP/IP Configuration

ES327 – Computer Networks & Data Communication

Dr. Omayma Younis

Learning Objectives
 Understand the different numbering
systems (binary, decimal and hexadecimal),
and convert between them.
 Differentiate between the classful IP ranges
and their corresponding subnet masks.
 Learn how and why private IP addresses are
used.
 Identify the structure of IP addresses (IPv4
Review of Numbering Systems

 Before we start this chapter, you should have a good

understanding of the different numbering system
(e.g. binary, decimal, hexadecimal).
 A computer understands only two values, 1 (one) and
0 (zero).
 If you are familiar with binary, decimal, and
hexadecimal numbering, you can skip this part.
 Let’s see … Test yourself ...
 DEC HEX BIN
0 0 0000
Review of Numbering Systems 1 1 0001
2 2 0010
3 3 0011
 The Binary digits are only 0 and 1. 4 4 0100
5 5 0101
 The Decimal digits ranges from 0 to 6 6 0110
15. 7 7 0111
 The hexadecimal digits ranges from 8 8 1000
9 9 1001
0 through 9, and the letters A
10 A 1010
through F. 11 B 1011
12 C 1100
13 D 1101
14 E 1110
15 F 1111
Review of Numbering Systems

 The number system recognized by computers is known

as the binary system and is based on powers of 2.
 Binary values are read from right-to-left, instead of
left-to-right.
 The following27
figure
26
represents
25 24 23
the
22
first
21
eight
20
binary
values.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Review of Numbering Systems

 Converting from Binary-to-Decimal:

32 16 8 4 2 1 = (41)10
1 0 1 0 0 1

64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = (76)10
1 0 0 1 1 0 0

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
= (255)10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Review of Numbering Systems

 Converting from Decimal-to-Binary:

64 32 16 8 4 2 1
(67)10 =
1 0 0 0 0 1 1

16 8 4 2 1
(30)10 =
1 1 1 1 0

(192)10 = 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Review of Numbering Systems

 Converting from Binary-to-Hexadecimal:

8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 = (29)16
1 0 1 0 0 1

8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 = (4C)16
1 0 0 1 1 0 0

8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (FF)16
Review of Numbering Systems

 Converting from Hexadecimal-to-Binary:

(A2)16 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1

= 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

8 4 2 1
(B)16 =
1 0 1 1

(6CD)16
= 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Review of Numbering Systems

 Converting from Decimal-to-Hexadecimal:

Two steps to do:
1. First, convert from Decimal to Binary.
2. Then, convert from Binary to Hexadecimal.

(45)10 (101101)2 (2D)16

Review of Numbering Systems

 Converting from Hexadecimal-to-Decimal:

Two steps to do:
1. First, convert from Hexadecimal to Binary.
2. Then, convert from Binary to Decimal.

(0100
(45)16 (69)10
0101)2
Review of Numbering Systems

 Perform the numbering conversions to complete the

following table:
Binary Number Decimal Number Hexadecimal
Number
10101
11001110
45
76
76
123
A1
Review of Numbering Systems

 Perform the numbering conversions to complete the

following table:
Binary Number Decimal Number Hexadecimal
Number
10101 21 15
11001110 206 CE
101101 45 2D
1001100 76 4C
1110110 118 76
100100011 291 123
10100001 161 A1
TCP/IP Configuration Fundamentals

 Now, this section will introduce you to the

configuration fundamentals of TCP/IP.
 When you configure TCP/IP, you are required to know
the settings for the IP address, subnet mask, and
default gateway.
 IP address
 Subnet mask
 Default gateway
IP Address

The following two ways exist to

configure systems to use IP
addresses:
 Automatic (Dynamic)

addressing: IP address is
obtained automatically via
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP).
 Static addressing: the network
IP Address

The following two ways exist to

configure systems to use IP
addresses:
 Automatic (Dynamic)

addressing: IP address is
obtained automatically via
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP).
 Static addressing: the network
IP Address
 Using either way, each device in a TCP/IP network must be
configured with an IP address and a subnet mask.
 The IPv4 address is expressed in a four-part dotted decimal
format, such as:
192.168.1.3
 Each decimal value is made up of 8 bits (1s and 0s), and there
are four decimal values, so 8 bits times 4 equals the 32-bit
address.
 Since each of the decimal values is made up of 8 bits (for
example, the 192), we refer to each of the decimal values as an
octet (i.e. byte). There are four octets in an IP address.
Subnet Mask

 It is very important to understand that the four octets

in an IP address are divided into two parts:
 Network ID
 Host ID
 The subnet mask determines the number of bits that
make up the Network ID and the number of bits that
make up the Host ID. Let’s see how this works.
Subnet Mask
 The subnet mask breaks the IP address into: a Network ID part
and a Host ID. It looks like the following example:
255.255.255.0
 If there is a (255) in an octet of the subnet mask, then the
corresponding octet in the IP address is part of the Network ID.
 For example, if the IP address is (192.168.1.10) and the subnet
mask is (255.255.255.0), the first three octets (192.168.1) would
make up the Network ID and the last octet (10) would be the
Host ID.
 Another example, a subnet mask of (255.0.0.0), means that the
first octet of the IP address is used as the Network ID portion,
Subnet Mask
 Q: Why do we need a subnet mask that breaks the IP address
into a Network ID part and a Host ID?
 A: It indicates whether systems exist on the same network or
not, by comparing the network IDs.
 For example, when a system such as (192.168.1.15), with a
subnet mask of (255.255.255.0), sends data to (192.168.45.10);
this means that the two systems are on two different networks.
Therefore, the data will need to be passed to the router, so that
the router can send the data to the other network.
 But, when a system such as (128.70.40.5) with a subnet mask of
(255.255.0.0), sends a piece of data to (128.70.32.6); this means
Default Gateway
 Talking about devices residing at different networks, introduces
the purpose of the “default gateway”. A default gateway is often
referred to simply as “gateway”.
 When your system wants to send data to another system on the
network, it looks at its own network ID and compares that to the
destination system’s IP address.
 If both systems have the same network ID, the data is sent
directly from your system to the destination system. But, if the
two systems are on different networks, your system must pass
the data to the router so that the router can send the data to the
destination system’s router.
More about IP addressing
 There are five classes of IP addresses (classes A through E).
 The Internet community defined these classes to accommodate
networks of various sizes.
 The most common classes in use are: Class A, Class B, Class C,
defined
Class as IP
First follows:
Octet Default Subnet Max. no. of hosts per
Mask network
Class 1.x.x.x to 255.0.0.0 224 -2 = 16,777,214
A 126.x.x.x
Class 128.x.x.x to 255.255.0.0 216 -2 = 65,534
B 191.x.x.x
Class 192.x.x.x to 255.255.255.0 28 -2 = 254
Reserved IP Addresses

 Internal Loopback Address

 You are not allowed to have a host assigned an IP address that
has a value of 127 in the first octet. This is because this IP
address of 127 has been reserved for the loopback address.
 The loopback address is used to refer to the local system, also
known as the localhost. If you want to verify that the TCP/IP
software has initialized on the local system, you may ping the
loopback address, which is typically referred to as 127.0.0.1.
 It allows the host to send a test packet to itself without
generating network traffic.
Reserved IP Addresses

 Broadcast Address
 A broadcast address is a reserved IP address whose Host ID is
(255).
 The broadcast address is used by applications and hosts to
send a message to all hosts on a network.
 For example the IP address 172.16.255.255 (Class B),
specifies all the hosts on a network whose ID is (172.16).
Thereby, any message sent to this IP address is broadcasted
to all the hosts on the network
IPv6: The new generation of IP addresses
 Our entire discussion so far about TCP/IP is based on version 4 of
TCP/IP, known as IPv4.
 Problem: The use of TCP/IP over the years has far exceeded
expectations, and we are running out of IP addresses !
 Solution: TCP/IP has been redesigned, and the new version is
(IPv6).
 How: IPv6 uses a 128-bit address scheme, which is divided into
eight hexadecimal values that are separated by a colon (:) as
shown in the following example:
65b3 : b834 : 45a3 : 0000 : 0000 : 762e : 0270 : 5224
TCP/IP Utilities
 The following are some of the command-line TCP/IP utilities,
which are commonly used to test and troubleshoot TCP/IP
systems.
TCP/IP Description/Function
Utility
ipconfig View TCP/IP configuration information
ping Tests communication with another TCP/IP host
arp Displays and modifies the IP-to-Physical address
translation tables used by address resolution
protocol (ARP)
tracert Traces the communication path between two
TCP/IP Utilities: ipconfig

 The ipconfig utility

is used to view your
TCP/IP settings, such
as:
 Network
Connections
 IPv6 address
 IPv4 address
 Subnet mask
 Default gateway
 ipconfig /all
TCP/IP Utilities: ping
 The ping utility is
used to test
communication with
another remote host.
 The basic syntax for
using ping is:
ping target
 “target” may refer to
a hostname or IP
address.
TCP/IP Utilities: arp

 The arp utility is used to

display and modify
(add/delete) the IP-to-MAC
address translation tables
(i.e. ARP caches).
 Some common options of
using arp:
arp -a : displays current ARP
entries
arp -s : adds a host and
associates its Internet address
TCP/IP Utilities: tracert

 The tracert utility is

used to trace the
communication path
between two
computer systems
(i.e. source and
destination).
 Typically, the last
hop is the
destination IP
address.
TCP/IP Utilities: netstat

 The netstat utility

displays protocol
statistics and current
TCP/IP network
connections.
Research Activity
1. What are private IP addresses? Explain the purpose of using
them.
2. Briefly discuss the purpose and functionality of “Class D” of the
IP addresses.
3. Explore and briefly explain more TCP/IP utilities for testing and
troubleshooting the internetwork.