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TNEB – AE - CIVIL
F luid Mec hanic s
Fluid Dynamics:
(ii) Hydrodynamics: Different forms of energy in a flowing
liquid, head, Bernoulli's equation and its application,
Energy line and Hydraulic Gradient Line, and Energy
Equation

1
 F orms of E nergy

(1). Kinetic Energy: Energy due to motion of body.

A body of mass, m, when moving with velocity, V,
posses kinetic energy,
1 m and V are mass and
KE  2 mV velocity of body
2

(2). Potential Energy: Energy due to elevation of

body above an arbitrary datum
Z is elevation of body from
PE  arbitrary
m is the datum
mass of
mgZ body
(3). Pressure Energy: Energy due to pressure above
datum, most usually its pressure above atmospheric

PrE  h !!!

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 F orms of E nergy
(4). Internal Energy: It is the energy that is associated
with the molecular, or internal state of matter; it may
be stored in many forms, including thermal, nuclear,
chemical and electrostatic.

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 HE AD
Head: Energy per unit weight is
called head

Kinetic head: Kinetic energy 2

per2
KE 1 V QWeight 
unit weight
Kinetic head    mV  / mg
mg
Weight  2

Potential head:
2gPotential energy per
unit weigh
Potential head
PE
 mgZ / mg
 Weight  Z

Pressure head: Pressure energy per

unit weight
Pressure head PrE
Weight 

4 P
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 TO TAL HE AD
TOTAL H E A D
= Kinetic Head + Potential Head +
Pressure Head
V2 P
Z
2g 

P V 2
Total Head  H  Z 
  2g

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 Bernoulli’s Equation
It states that the sum of kinetic, potential and
pressure heads of a fluid particle is constant
along a streamline during steady flow when
compressibility and frictional effects are negligible.
i.e. , For an ideal fluid,Total head of fluid
particle remains constant during a steady-
incompressible flow.
Or total head along a streamline is constant during
steady flow P when compressibility and frictional
2
Total Head  Z  V
effects are negligible.
  2g constt
 P1 V 2 1 P2 2
Z1   Z2  V 22
  2g
1
H 1 2g
H Pip
2 e
6

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 Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
C onsider motion of flow Assumption:
fluid particle in steady Fluid is ideal and
flow field as shown in incompressible Flow is
steady
fig.
Flow is along
Applying N ewton’s 2nd streamline
Law in s- direction on a Velocity is uniform across the
particle moving along a section and is equal to mean
Fs 
streamline give Eq( velocity
1) Only gravity and pressure forces are
mas
W here F is resultant force acting
in s- direction, m is the
mass and as is the
acceleration along s-
direction.
as dV dsdV dsdV Eq(
   V
2)
dV dt dsdt dtds
7 ds Fig. Forces acting on particle along
streamline
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 Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
Fs  PdA  P  dp dA W Eq(
sin  3)

Substituting values from Eq(2)

dz
and Eq(3) to Eq(1) sin 
dV
PdA  P  dp dA W sin   ds

mV ds
 dpdA  gdAds dz  dAdsV dV
ds
ds
 dp  gdz
Cancelling dA and simplifyingEq(
 VdV
4) Fig. Forces acting on particle along
streamline
Note that VdV 21 dV 2
W =weight of fluid W  mg 
1
 dp  gdz   Eq( dAds g Wsin()= component acting
dV 2 5) along s-direction dA= Area of flow
2 ds=length between sections along
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 Derivation of Bernoulli’s Equation
D ividing eq (5) Hence Eq (9) for stead-
incompressible fluid
by 
dp  1 assuming no frictional
gdz dV 2  Eq
 20 (6) losses can be written as

P1 1
 P2  V 2 2
Integratin Z1  V
2
2
  2g
Z  Eq
g 2g
Total Head1  Total (10)
contt
dp  gdz 1 dV

2   Eq 2

(7) Head
 2 
Assuming
incompressible and
Above Eq(10) is general
steady flow form of Bernoulli’s
P  gz  1 V 
2
Eq Equation
 contt (8)
2
D ividing each
equation by g
P  z V 2 Eq

9 g contt
2g (9)
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 E nergy Line and Hydraulic G rade line
P 2
z V
  H2g
Pressure head  Elevation head  Velocity head  Total
Head
Multiplying with unit
P  gz   weight,γ,
 V22 contt
Static P
Pressure
Dynamic : V 2 / 2
pressure : Pressure: gZ
Hydrostatic
Stagnation Pressure: Static pressure +
dynamic Pressure
P V
2

 2  Pstag

1
0
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 E nergy Line and Hydraulic G rade line
Measurement of
Heads
Piezometer: It
measures
pressure head ( P /
 ).

Pitot tube: It measures

sum of pressure and
velocity heads i.e.,
P 2
V
 2g

1 W hat about measurement of

1 elevation head !!
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 E nergy Line and Hydraulic G rade line
Energy line: It is line joining the total heads along a
pipe line.
HGL: It is line joining pressure head along a
pipe line.

1
2
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 E nergy Line and Hydraulic G rade line

1
3
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 Energy Equation for steady flow of any fluid
Let’s consider the
energy of system (Es)
and energy of control
volume(Ecv) defined
within a stream tube as
shown in
E  E 
figure.Therefore,
s CV out
E CV
 E in
CV Eq(
1)
Because the flow is
steady, conditions
within the control
volume does not Figure: Forces/energies in fluid
change so flowing in streamt ube
ECV  0
Es  E out
CV
 E in
CV
Eq(
Hence 2)

1
4
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 Energy Equation for steady flow of any
fluid
N ow, let’s apply the first law of thermodynamics to
the fluid system which states ” For steady flow, the
external work done on any system plus the thermal energy
transferred into or out of the system is equal to the change
of energy of system”

External
flowworkwork
 shaftwork  transferred
done  heat  change
heat transferred  of energy
Eq(
E
flowwork  shaftwork  heat transferred  Eout
CV  E CV
in
s
3)
Eq(
Flow work: When the pressure forces acting on the 4)
boundaries move, in present case when p1A1 and p2A2 at
the end sections move through ∆s1 and ∆s2, external work
is done. It is referred to as flow pwork. p
Flow work  p1 A1s1  p1 A1s1 1 1 A1 s1  2 2 A2 s 2

1 2
Eq(5)
1 Flow work  gm p 1 p 2  Q 1 A1s1  2 A2 s2  Steady
  
5  m flow
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 Energy Equation for steady flow of any
fluid
Shaft work: Work done by machine, if any, between
section 1 and 2
weight energy  
Shaft work time  1 1
 hm t
dstime weight 
1
 A dt 
Shaft work   1 A1s1 hm  Eq(
gmhmhmis the energy added to the flow by the 6)
Where,
machine per unit weight of flowing fluid. Note: if the
machine is pump, which adds energy to the fluid, hm is
positive and if the machine is turbine, which remove energy
from fluid, hm is -ve
Heat Transferred: The heat transferred from an
external source into the fluid ds1 system over time
t is transferred  1 1 QH t
interval ∆Heat
A dt 
Heat transferred   1 A1s1 QH  Eq(
7)
gm Q
Where, QH is theH amount of energy put into the flow by the
external heat source per unit weight of flowing fluid.
1 If the heat flow is out of the fluid, the value QH is – ve
6
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 Energy Equation for steady flow of any
fluid
Change in Energy: For steady flow during time interval ∆t,
the weight of fluid entering the control volume at section 1 and
leaving at section 2 are both equal to g∆m .Thus the energy
(Potential+Kinetic+Internal) carried by g∆m is;

  
V 12  I1  t  1 1 1  V2 1 1

 1 ds 1 

  z   A ds  1z   I
E inCV 1  1 2g  2g
A dt      

 V 2 
Eq(
E inCV  gm 1   2g1  1I
  8)
z 
   
 2 A2 2  z2  V 2  I2  t  2 A2 ds2  2
2
out
ECV ds V 22
2g   2g  I 
2
 dt     z  
out  V 22

ECV  gm 2   2g  2I Eq(
  9)
z
α is kinetic energy correction factor
1 and ~ 1
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 Energy Equation for steady flow of any
fluid
Substituting all values from Eqs. (5),(6), (7), (8),
& (9) in Eq(4)
flowwork  shaftwork  heat transferred  E
out
CV  E CV
in

gm p 1  p 2   gm hm  gm Q  V 22

  V 2 
H  gm 2   2   1   1
 1 2g  I  gm z 2g
1
 I
z    

2   p 2 
  
p   V 22
 I    z  V 12 
I 
 1   hm  QH   z2  2g 2 1
2g
1
 1 2      
 
 
 p 1  z 1   V12  1  QH   p 2
 z2  V 22
 I2  Eq(1
2g I  
m
 1  2  2g  0)
h 

This is general form of energy equation, which applies to liquids,

gases, vapors and to ideal fluids as well as real fluids with friction, both
incompressible and compressible.The only restriction is that its for
steady flow.
1
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 Energy Equation for steady flow of
incompressible fluid
For incompressible fluids
1   2  
Substituting in Eq(10),
we get
 1
 p  z1  V1   hm  QH  p 2  z2  V22   I2  I 1
2


2g 
   2g 
1
 p V1 2  m p 2  z2 V 22   I2  I 1  QH
 z  h
1
2g    2g 
Q hL  I 2  I1 
 p 1  z1  V12   p 2  z 2  V 22  QH
h 
m  L Eq(1
  2g 
 
  2g 
h 1)

Where hL=(I2-I1)-QH= head loss. It equal to is gain in internal
energy minus any heat added by external source.
Hm is head removed/added by machines. It can also be referred
to head loss due to pipe fitting, contraction, expansion and
1 bends etc in pipes.
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 Energy Equation for steady flow of
incompressible fluid
In the absence of machine, pipe fitting etc, Eq(11) can be
written as
 p1
 V 12   p 2 V22 
 z1      z2    hL Eq(1
  2g   
  2g  2)

When the head loss is caused only by wall or pipe

friction, hL becomes hf, where hf is head loss due
to friction

2
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 Power
Rate of work done is termed as power
Power=Energy/time
Power=(Energy/weight)(weight/ti
me)
If H is total head=total energy/weight and γQ
is the weight flow rate
then above equation can be written as
In 1
BG: Power=(H)(γQ)= γQH horsepower=550ft.lb/
s
In SI: Power in (horsepower)=(H)(γQ)/550
Power in
(Kilowatts)=(H)(γQ)/1000

2
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 NUMERICALS

5.2.1

2
2
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
5.2.3

2
4

5.3.2

2
5
 
5.3.4

2
6
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 
5.3.6

2
6
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 
5.9.6

2
7
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 Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
We have all seen moving fluids exerting forces.The lift force on
an aircraft is exerted by the air moving over the wing. A jet of
water from a hose exerts a force on whatever it hits.

In fluid mechanics the analysis of motion is performed in the

same way as in solid mechanics - by use of Newton’s laws of
motion.

i.e., F = ma which is used in the analysis of solid mechanics to

relate applied force to acceleration.

In fluid mechanics it is not clear what mass of moving fluid we

should use so we use a different form of the equation.
d
 F  ma 
dt
2 mV s
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 Momentum and F orc es in F luid F low
N ewton’s 2nd Law can be written:
The Rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the
resultant force acting on the body, and takes place in the
direction of the force.

d mV s
F
dt

F Sum of all external forces on a body of fluid or system

mV  Momentum of fluid body in direction s

 Fdt  d mV s
The symbols F and V represent vectors and so the change in
3 It ismust
alsobe
termed as impulse
0
momentum in the same direction as force.
MCC momentum principle
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