A.

Power transmission and Distribution

B. Equipment safety measures
C. Personal safety measures

Dept of ECE Basic Electricals 1

Distribution of electrical energy to a
domestic consumer

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 Conti…..

● The AC supply is brought to local distribution stations from

generating where its voltage level is reduced to 400V between
the lines and 230 V between a line and neutral.
● The small cables used between the distribution stations and
consumer premises are called service mains.
● The supply is given to the meter board which consists of energy
meter, service cable sealing end box, bus bar arrangement,
service fuse and neutral link.
● From meter board, the supply is taken to main switch board
where consumers fuse is installed along with main switch.
● The supply is given to the main distribution board from where it
is given to the number of different sub circuits.
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 Factors affecting the wiring
● Durability: Type of wiring selected should conform to standard specifications,
so that it is durable i.e without being affected by the weather conditions.
● Safety: The wiring must provide safety against leakage, shock and fire hazards
for the operating personnel
● Appearance: Electrical wiring should give an aesthetic appeal to the interiors.
● Cost: It should not be prohibitively expensive.
● Accessibility: The switches and plug points provided should be easily
accessible.
● Maintenance Cost: The maintenance cost should be minimum.
● Mechanical Safety: The wiring must be protected against any mechanical
damage

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 Conduit wiring

• Conduit wiring is a wiring used to protect and route

electrical wiring in a building or structure.
(Surface conduit wiring not included in syllabus)

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Basic Electricals
Concealed conduit wiring

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Basic Electricals
 Conti….
❖ For concealed conduit wiring, it is important to accurately fix the
positions of ceiling-roses, lighting points ,power points switches,
sockets outlets etc.
❖ Covers should be fitted over all the inspection and draw boxes
to prevent any ingress of concrete or plaster into the conduit
system
❖ In case the building is already constructed, concealed conduit
system can be made by chiselling channels in the walls and
ceilings and then sinking the conduits into the surface.
❖ Or else, a cheaper and less bother some option is to fix the
conduits on the surface of the walls and ceiling using clips as
shown in fig

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Basic Electricals
Two way control of lamp

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Basic Electricals
Three way control of lamp

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 Fuse & MCB’s
Fuse:
•A fuse is a piece of conducting wire having low melting point. It is rated for a
certain current.
•It is included at many stages of installation to protect various circuits and
entire wiring system.
•Whenever the current in a sub circuit exceeds the rated current, the fuse melts
and breaks the circuit. This is the cheapest type of protection that can be
provided to an electrical installation
•To avoid any damage to the installation and risk of fire, one should never use a
fuse of rating higher than the circuit is meant for.
MCB’s:
• MCB (Mini circuit breaker) is a neat and clean device, which simply trips off
itself whenever the current in the circuit exceeds its ratings
•On correcting the fault, it can simply be switched ON again.
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 Electric shock and its precautions
• Some of the precautions that are taken against shock are listed below
i) Insulation of the conductors used must be proper and in good condition. If it is not so
the current carried by the condition by the conductors may leak out. The person
coming in contact with such insulated conductors may receive a shock.
ii) Earth connection should be always maintained in proper condition.
iii) Make the mains supply switch off and remove the fuses before starting work with
any installation.
iv)Fuses must have correct ratings.
v)Always use insulated screw drivers, line testers etc.
vi)Never touch two different terminals at the same time.
vii)Never remove the plug by pulling the wires connected to it.
viii) The sockets should be fixed at a height beyond the reach of the children.
● A sudden agitation of the nervous system of a body, due to the passage of an electric

current is called an electric shock.

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 Earthing and it’s necessity
An electrical equipment or appliances is said to be earthed, if its outer
frame and its other parts not carrying any current are connected to the
earth so as to attain as nearly zero potential as possible.
• Necessity:
- To protect the operating personnel from danger of shock in case
they come in contact with the charged frame due to defective
insulation
- To maintain the line voltage constant under unbalanced load
connection
- Protection of the equipments
- Protection of large buildings and all machines fed from overhead
lines against lighting.

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 Methods of earthing
• Methods of earthing

- Plate Earthing
- Pipe Earthing

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 Plate Earthing

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Basic Electricals
• PLATE EARTHING
• Copper Plate: 60cm*60cm*3.18mm
• GI Plate: 60cm*60cm*6.3mm
• The plate is placed vertically down inside the ground at a
depth of 3m and is embedded in alternate layers of coal
and salt for a thickness of 15cm.
• In addition, water is poured for keeping the earth electrode
resistance value well below a maximum of 5Ω.
• The plate depth is not less than 2m and at least 0.6m away
from the foundation of any building.
• The layers of common salt and charcoal are 30mm and
80mm thick respectively.
• The earth wire is securely bolted to the earth plate. A
cement chamber is built with a cast iron cover for easy
regular maintenance.
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Basic Electricals
 Pipe Earthing

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Basic Electricals
• PIPE EARTHING

• Earth electrode made of a GI iron pipe of 38mm in diameter

and length of 2m with 12mm holes on the surface is placed
upright at a depth of 4.75m in a permanently wet ground.
• The GI earth wires of sufficient cross sectional area are run
19mm diameter pipe and secured tightly at the top
• The pit area around the pipe is filled with salt and coal
mixture for improving the condition of the soil and earthing
efficiency.
• The contact surface of GI pipe with the soil is more as
compared to the plate due to its circular section and hence
can handle heavier leakage current for the same electrode
size.

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Basic Electricals