LECTURE 13 PT.

●FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

●SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST
●POINT OF INFLECTION
 First Derivative Test
The First Derivative Test states that if we are given a continuous and
differentiable function , and is a critical number of function , then can
be classified as follows:
 If changes from negative to positive at , then is a relative
minimum.
 If changes from positive to negative at , then is a relative
maximum.
 If does not change sign at (e.g. if is positive on both sides of
or negative on both sides), then has no relative minimum or
maximum at .
First Derivative Test
 First Derivative Test
To find the extrema using the First Derivative Test:
Determine the critical points.
Make a table of 4 rows to test the intervals based on the
critical numbers found in step 1.

Intervals:

Sign of 𝑦’:
Test Value:

Conclusion:
 Finding the Minima and
4 a) Maxima

at :
Solution:
a. Solve for the critical points:

at :

( −𝟐 , 𝟏𝟏 ) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟏 , −𝟓 /𝟐) CRITICAL POINTS

 Finding the Minima and
4 Solution: (cont.) Maxima
b. Determine minima & maxima:
Critical Points:

Interval

Test Value

Sign of y’

conclusion
 Finding the Minima and
4 Solution: (cont.) Maxima Therefore, the local maximum is at
b. Determine minima & maxima:
(-2,11) and the local minimum is at
Critical Points: (1, -5/2).

Interval

Test Value -3 0 2

Sign of y’ + - +

conclusion

maximum minimum
 Finding the Minima and
4 Solution: (cont.) Maxima Therefore, the local maximum is at
b. Determine minima & maxima:
(-2,11) and the local minimum is at
Critical Points: (1, -5/2).

Interval Sign
Increasing ′ 2
𝑓 (− 3 ) =3( −3) +3 ( − 3 ) −6=12 ¿
maximum
′ 2
Decreasing
𝑓 ( 0 ) =3 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 0 ) − 6= − 6 (−)
minimum
′ 2
Increasing 𝑓 ( 2 ) =3 (2 ) +3 ( 2 ) − 6 =12 ¿
 Finding the Minima and
4 Solution: (cont.) Maxima
Local Maximum

c. Graph:

x f(x)

Local Minimum
Concavity
At a point where , and :
- if , is increasing, the curve is
concave upward, assumes the
minimum value as increases
- if , is decreasing, the curve is
concave downward, assumes
the maximum value as increases
Second Derivative Test
 Second Derivative Test
At a point where ,
- if , is a minimum;
- if , is a maximum;
- if , the test fails: use the 1st Derivative Test to find the maximum and
minimum point
 Second Derivative Test
 Determine if the graph is concave upward or downward on the critical points. Examine
the function for its maxima and minima.
3
1 1 2
𝑥 − 𝑥 −2 𝑥+ 2
3 2
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 : 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠:
for for
2
𝑦 ’= 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2
𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 ’=0 1 1 2 𝑦
3
1
3
1 2
2 𝑦 = (2) − (2) −2(2)+2 3 (2)
= − ( 2) − 2( 2)+ 2
0= 𝑥 − 𝑥 −2 3 2 4
2
𝑦 =− 19
0=( 𝑥 −2)( 𝑥 +1) 𝑦=
Critical points: 3 6
( 𝑥 − 2)=0
( 𝑥+ 1)=0 4 19
(2 , − ) (− 1 , )
Critical numbers:
3 6
𝑥 =2
𝑥=− 1
 Second Derivative Test
 Determine if the graph is concave upward or downward on the critical points.
Examine the function for its maxima and minima.
1
3
1 2 Critical Points: ,
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑥+ 2
3 2 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑦 ’’𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
for for
2
𝑦 ’= 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2
𝑦 ’ ’=2 𝑥 − 1𝑦 ’ ’=2 𝑥 − 1
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒:
𝒚 ’ ’=𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝑦 ’ ’=2 (2 ) − 1 𝑦 ’ ’=2(− 1) − 1
𝑦 ’ ’=3 𝑦 ’ ’=−3
∴
𝑦 ’ ’=−3 <0
∴

∴
∴
 3
1 1 2
𝑦= 𝑥 − 𝑥 −2 𝑥+ 2
3 2

(− 1, 19
6 )

( 2,−
4
3 )
Points of Inflection
 Point of Inflection
- is a point at which the curve changes from concave upward to
concave downward or vice versa
- is a point at which vanishes provided changes sign at that point; if
vanishes without changing sign, it is not a point of inflection
Note:
A point where is a maximum or a minimum provided If and
both equal to zero, the point is in general a point of inflection with a
horizontal tangent; but if vanishes without changing sign, the point is a
maximum or a minimum.
Point of Inflection
- To locate possible points of inflection, you can determine the
values of x for which f”(x) = 0 or f”(x) does not exist.
 Points of Inflection
 Determine the point/s of inflection of .

𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ”( 𝑥)=0

4
𝑥 ) =𝑥 − 4 𝑥
3
0=12 𝑥( 𝑥 − 2)
FIND THE SECOND DERIVATIVE OF THE FUNCTION 12 𝑥=0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥 −2)=0
𝑥 )= 4 𝑥 − 4 (3 ) 𝑥
3 2
𝑥 =0 , 𝑥=2
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒
(𝑥 )= 4 𝑥 − 12 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
3 2 𝑥 𝑡𝑜 𝑓 ( 𝑥)

𝑃𝑂𝐼𝑁𝑇𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝐼𝑁𝐹𝐿𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 :
𝑓 ”(𝑥)=12 𝑥 (𝑥 −2) (0 , 0) (2 , − 16)
Points of Inflection
Curve Sketching
 Steps in sketching polynomial curves
1. Find the points of intersection with the axes.
2. Find the first derivative and equate it to zero. Solve to find the
abscissa of the maximum and minimum points. Test these values.
3. Find the second derivative and equate to zero. Solve to find the
abscissas of the points of inflection. Test the values.
4. Calculate the corresponding ordinates of the points whose abscissas
were found in the 2nd and 3rd steps. Calculate more points as
necessary.
5. Plot and sketch the curve.
SEATWORK
USE SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST TO SKETCH THE GRAPH
OF THE GIVEN FUNCTION. IDENTIFY THE RELATIVE
MAXIMA OR MINIMA.
ASSIGNMENT
IDENTIFY THE POINT OF INFLECTION AND SKETCH THE CURVE.