Chapter 11:

Structured Data

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 11.1
Abstract Data Types

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Abstract Data Types

• A data type that specifies

• values that can be stored
• operations that can be done on the values
• User of an abstract data type does not
need to know the implementation of the
data type, e.g., how the data is stored
• ADTs are created by programmers

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Abstraction and Data Types
• Abstraction: a definition that captures
general characteristics without details
• Ex: An abstract triangle is a 3-sided polygon.
A specific triangle may be scalene, isosceles,
or equilateral
• Data Type defines the values that can be
stored in a variable and the operations that
can be performed on it

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 11.2
Combining Data into Structures

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Combining Data into Structures
• Structure: C++ construct that allows multiple
variables to be grouped together
• General Format:
struct <structName>
{
type1 field1;
type2 field2;
. . .
};

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Example struct Declaration
struct Student structure tag
{
int studentID;
string name; structure
short yearInSchool; members

double gpa;
};

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struct Declaration Notes
• Must have ; after closing }
• struct names commonly begin with
uppercase letter
• Multiple fields of same type can be in
comma-separated list:
string name,
address;

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Defining Variables
• struct declaration does not allocate
memory or create variables
• To define variables, use structure tag as
type name:
bill
Student bill; studentID
name
yearInSchool

gpa

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 11.3
Accessing Structure Members

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Accessing Structure Members
• Use the dot (.) operator to refer to members of
struct variables:
cin >> stu1.studentID;
getline(cin, stu1.name);
stu1.gpa = 3.75;

• Member variables can be used in any manner

appropriate for their data type

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Displaying a struct Variable
• To display the contents of a struct
variable, must display each field
separately, using the dot operator:
cout << bill; // won’t work
cout << bill.studentID << endl;
cout << bill.name << endl;
cout << bill.yearInSchool;
cout << " " << bill.gpa;

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Comparing struct Variables
• Cannot compare struct variables
directly:
if (bill == william) // won’t work

• Instead, must compare on a field basis:

if (bill.studentID ==

william.studentID) ...

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 11.4
Initializing a Structure

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Initializing a Structure

• struct variable can be initialized when

defined:
Student s = {11465, "Joan", 2, 3.75};

• Can also be initialized member-by-

member after definition:
s.name = "Joan";
s.gpa = 3.75;

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More on Initializing a Structure
• May initialize only some members:
Student bill = {14579};
• Cannot skip over members:
Student s = {1234, "John", ,
2.83}; // illegal
• Cannot initialize in the structure
declaration, since this does not allocate
memory

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Excerpts From Program 11-3

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 11.5
Arrays of Structures

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Arrays of Structures
• Structures can be defined in arrays
• Can be used in place of parallel arrays
const int NUM_STUDENTS = 20;
Student stuList[NUM_STUDENTS];
• Individual structures accessible using subscript
notation
• Fields within structures accessible using dot
notation:
cout << stuList[5].studentID;

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 11.6
Nested Structures

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Nested Structures
A structure can contain another structure as a
member:
struct PersonInfo
{ string name,
address,
city;
};
struct Student
{ int studentID;
PersonInfo pData;
short yearInSchool;
double gpa;
};
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Members of Nested Structures
• Use the dot operator multiple times to refer
to fields of nested structures:

Student s;
s.pData.name = "Joanne";
s.pData.city = "Tulsa";

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 11.7
Structures as Function Arguments

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Structures as Function
Arguments
• May pass members of struct variables to
functions:
computeGPA(stu.gpa);
• May pass entire struct variables to functions:
showData(stu);
• Can use reference parameter if function needs
to modify contents of structure variable

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Excerpts from Program 11-6

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Structures as Function
Arguments - Notes
• Using value parameter for structure can
slow down a program, waste space
• Using a reference parameter will speed
up program, but function may change
data in structure
• Using a const reference parameter
allows read-only access to reference
parameter, does not waste space, speed

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Revised showItem Function

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 11.8
Returning a Structure from a
Function

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Returning a Structure from a
Function
• Function can return a struct:
Student getStudentData(); // prototype
stu1 = getStudentData(); // call

• Function must define a local structure

• for internal use
• for use with return statement

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Returning a Structure from a
Function - Example
Student getStudentData()
{ Student tempStu;
cin >> tempStu.studentID;
getline(cin, tempStu.pData.name);
getline(cin, tempStu.pData.address);
getline(cin, tempStu.pData.city);
cin >> tempStu.yearInSchool;
cin >> tempStu.gpa;
return tempStu;
}

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 11.9
Using Structured Binding
Declarations with Structures

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Structured Binding Declarations
• A structured binding declaration defines a set of
variables and initializes them with the values
that are stored in a structure.
• A process known as unpacking a structure
• Can also be used to unpack arrays (see Chapter 7)

• Structured binding declarations were introduced

in C++ 17

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Structured Binding Declarations
• General format:
auto [variable1, variable2, etc...] = structureVar;

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Structured Binding Declarations
• Example:
struct Automobile
{
string make;
int year;
double mileage;
};
Automobile car = { "Porsche", 2020, 12400.0 };
auto [first, second, third] = car;
This
This code
code will
will display:
display:
cout << first << endl; Porsche
Porsche
cout << second << endl; 2020
2020
cout << third << endl; 12400.0
12400.0

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 11.10
Pointers to Structures

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Pointers to Structures
• A structure variable has an address
• Pointers to structures are variables that
can hold the address of a structure:
Student *stuPtr;
• Can use & operator to assign address:
stuPtr = & stu1;
• Structure pointer can be a function
parameter

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Accessing Structure Members
via Pointer Variables
• Must use () to dereference pointer
variable, not field within structure:
cout << (*stuPtr).studentID;

• Can use structure pointer operator to

eliminate () and use clearer notation:
cout << stuPtr->studentID;

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From Program 11-9

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 11.12
Enumerated Data Types

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Enumerated Data Types

• An enumerated data type is a programmer-

defined data type. It consists of values
known as enumerators, which represent
integer constants.

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Enumerated Data Types
• Example:

enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };
• The identifiers MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, and FRIDAY,
which are listed inside the braces, are
enumerators. They represent the values
that belong to the Day data type.
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Enumerated Data Types

enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };

Note that the enumerators are not strings,

so they aren’t enclosed in quotes.
They are identifiers.

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Enumerated Data Types
• Once you have created an enumerated
data type in your program, you can define
variables of that type. Example:

Day workDay;

• This statement defines workDay as a

variable of the Day type.

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Enumerated Data Types
• We may assign any of the enumerators
MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, or FRIDAY to a variable of the
Day type. Example:

workDay = WEDNESDAY;

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Enumerated Data Types
• So, what is an enumerator?
• Think of it as an integer named constant
• Internally, the compiler assigns integer
values to the enumerators, beginning at 0.

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Enumerated Data Types
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY,
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };
In memory...
MONDAY =0
TUESDAY =1
WEDNESDAY =2
THURSDAY =3
FRIDAY =4
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Enumerated Data Types
• Using the Day declaration, the following
code...
cout << MONDAY << " "
<< WEDNESDAY << " “
<< FRIDAY << endl;

...will produce this output:

0 2 4
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Assigning an integer to an enum
Variable
• You cannot directly assign an integer value
to an enum variable. This will not work:

workDay = 3; // Error!
• Instead, you must cast the integer:

workDay = static_cast<Day>(3);

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Assigning an Enumerator to an int
Variable
• You CAN assign an enumerator to an int
variable. For example:

int x;
x = THURSDAY;

• This code assigns 3 to x.

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Comparing Enumerator Values

• Enumerator values can be compared using

the relational operators. For example, using
the Day data type the following code will
display the message "Friday is greater than
Monday.“

if (FRIDAY > MONDAY)

{
cout << "Friday is greater "
<< "than Monday.\n";
}
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 Continued…
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Enumerated Data Types
• Program 11-9 shows enumerators used to
control a loop:

// Get the sales for each day.

for (index = MONDAY; index <= FRIDAY; index++)
{
cout << "Enter the sales for day "
<< index << ": ";
cin >> sales[index];
}

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Anonymous Enumerated Types

• An anonymous enumerated type is simply

one that does not have a name. For
example, in Program 11-10 we could have
declared the enumerated type as:

enum { MONDAY, TUESDAY,

WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY,
FRIDAY };

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Using Math Operators with enum
Variables
• You can run into problems when trying to perform math
operations with enum variables. For example:

Day day1, day2; // Define two Day variables.

day1 = TUESDAY; // Assign TUESDAY to day1.
day2 = day1 + 1;// ERROR! Will not work!

• The third statement will not work because the expression

day1 + 1 results in the integer value 2, and you cannot
store an int in an enum variable.

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Using Math Operators with enum
Variables
• You can fix this by using a cast to explicitly
convert the result to Day, as shown here:

// This will work.

day2 = static_cast<Day>(day1 + 1);

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Using an enum Variable to Step
through an Array's Elements
• Because enumerators are stored in memory as
integers, you can use them as array subscripts.
For example:
enum Day { MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY };
const int NUM_DAYS = 5;
double sales[NUM_DAYS];
sales[MONDAY] = 1525.0;
sales[TUESDAY] = 1896.5;
sales[WEDNESDAY] = 1975.63;
sales[THURSDAY] = 1678.33;
sales[FRIDAY] = 1498.52;

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Using an enum Variable to Step
through an Array's Elements
• Remember, though, you cannot use the ++
operator on an enum variable. So, the
following loop will NOT work.

Day workDay; // Define a Day variable

// ERROR!!! This code will NOT work.
for (workDay = MONDAY; workDay <= FRIDAY; workDay++)
{
cout << "Enter the sales for day "
<< workDay << ": ";
cin >> sales[workDay];
}

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Using an enum Variable to Step
through an Array's Elements
• You must rewrite the loop’s update
expression using a cast instead of ++:
for (workDay = MONDAY; workDay <= FRIDAY;
workDay = static_cast<Day>(workDay + 1))
{
cout << "Enter the sales for day "
<< workDay << ": ";
cin >> sales[workDay];
}

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 Continued…
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Enumerators Must Be Unique
Within the same Scope
• Enumerators must be unique within the same scope.
(Unless strongly typed)
• For example, an error will result if both of the following
enumerated types are declared within the same scope:

enum Presidents { MCKINLEY, ROOSEVELT, TAFT };

enum VicePresidents { ROOSEVELT, FAIRBANKS,

SHERMAN };

ROOSEVELT is declared twice.

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Strongly Typed enums
• In C++ 11 and later, you can use a new type of enum ,
known as a strongly typed enum

• Allows you to have multiple enumerators in the same

scope with the same name

enum class Presidents { MCKINLEY, ROOSEVELT, TAFT };

enum class VicePresidents { ROOSEVELT, FAIRBANKS, SHERMAN };

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Strongly Typed enums
• Prefix the enumerator with the name of the enum ,
followed by the :: operator:
Presidents prez = Presidents::ROOSEVELT;
VicePresidents vp = VicePresidents::ROOSEVELT;

• Use a cast operator to retrieve integer value:

int x = static_cast<int>(Presidents::ROOSEVELT);

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Declaring the Type and Defining
the Variables in One Statement
• You can declare an enumerated data type
and define one or more variables of the
type in the same statement. For example:

enum Car { PORSCHE, FERRARI, JAGUAR } sportsCar;

This code declares the Car data type and defines a

variable named sportsCar.

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