Module– 1

Introduction to
Compiler Design
 Topics to be covered
 Looping
• Translator
• Analysis synthesis model of compilation
• Phases of compiler
• Grouping of the Phases
• Difference between compiler & interpreter
• Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
• Pass structure
• Types of compiler
Translator હેલ્લો
Translator
• A translator is a program that takes one form of program as input and converts
it into another form.
• Types of translators are:
1. Compiler
2. Interpreter
3. Assembler
Source Translator Target
Program Program

Error
Messages (If any)
Compiler
• A compiler is a program that reads a program written in source language and
translates it into an equivalent program in target language.

void main()
{
int a=1,b=2,c; 10100100101
Compiler 1001010
c=a+b;
printf(“%d”,c);
}

Source Error Target

Program Messages (If any) Program
Interpreter
• Interpreter is also program that reads a program written in source language and
translates it into an equivalent program in target language line by line.

Void main() 0000 1100 0010

{ 0000
int a=1,b=2,c; Interpreter 1111 1100 0010
c=a+b;
1010 1100 0010
printf(“%d”,c);
0011 1100 0010
} 1111
Error
Source Target
Messages (If any)
Program Program
Assembler
• Assembler is a translator which takes the assembly code as an input and
generates the machine code as an output.

MOV id3, R1 0000 1100 0010

MUL #2.0, R1 0100
MOV id2, R2 0111 1000 0001
MUL R2, R1 Assembler 1111 0101 1110
MOV id1, R2 1100 0000 1000
ADD R2, R1 1011
MOV R1, id1 1100 0000 1000
Error
Assembly Code Messages (If any) Machine Code
Analysis Synthesis model of
compilation
Analysis synthesis model of compilation
• There are two parts of compilation.

1. Analysis Phase
2. Synthesis Phase

void main() Analysis Synthesis

{ Phase Phase 0000 1100
int a=1,b=2,c; 0111 1000
c=a+b; 0001
printf(“%d”,c); Intermediate 1111 0101
} Representation 1000
1011
Source Code Target Code
Analysis phase & Synthesis phase
Analysis Phase Synthesis Phase
• Analysis part breaks up the source  The synthesis part constructs the desired
program into constituent pieces and target program from the intermediate
representation.
creates an intermediate
 Synthesis phase consist of the following sub
representation of the source
phases:
program.
1. Code optimization
• Analysis phase consists of three sub
2. Code generation
phases:
1. Lexical analysis
2. Syntax analysis
3. Semantic analysis
Phases of compiler
Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation
Lexical analysis
• Lexical Analysis is also called linear analysis or
scanning. Position = initial + rate*60
• Lexical Analyzer divides the given source statement
into the tokens.
Lexical analysis
• Ex: Position = initial + rate * 60 would be grouped into
the following tokens: id1=id2+ id3 * 60
Position (identifier)
= (Assignment symbol)
initial (identifier)
+ (Plus symbol)
rate (identifier)
* (Multiplication symbol)
60 (Number)
Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation
Syntax analysis
• Syntax Analysis is also called Parsing or
Position = initial + rate*60
Hierarchical Analysis.
• The syntax analyzer checks each line of the Lexical analysis
code and spots every tiny mistake. id1 = id2 + id3 *
• If code is error free then syntax analyzer 60
generates the tree. Syntax analysis

id1 +

id2 *
id3 60
Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation
Semantic analysis
• Semantic analyzer determines the meaning of =
a source string. id1 +
• It performs following operations: id2 * int to
1. matching of parenthesis in the expression. real
id3 60
2. Matching of if..else statement.
3. Performing arithmetic operation that are type
Semantic analysis
compatible.
4. Checking the scope of operation. =
*Note: Consider id1, id2 and id3 are real
id1 +

id2 *
id3 inttoreal

60
Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation
Intermediate code generator
• Two important properties of intermediate =
code : id1 +
1. It should be easy to produce.
id2 *
2. Easy to translate into target program.
t3 id3 inttoreal
• Intermediate form can be represented using t2 t1
60
“three address code”.
Intermediate code
• Three address code consist of a sequence of
instruction, each of which has at most three t1= int to real(60)
operands. t2= id3 * t1
t3= t2 + id2
id1= t3
Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation
Code optimization
• It improves the intermediate code.
• This is necessary to have a faster execution Intermediate code
of code or less consumption of memory.
t1= int to real(60)
t2= id3 * t1
t3= t2 + id2
id1= t3

Code optimization

t1= id3 * 60.0

id1 = id2 + t1
Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation
Code generation
• The intermediate code instructions are
translated into sequence of machine Code optimization
instruction.
t1= id3 * 60.0
id1 = id2 + t1

Code generation

MOV id3, R2
MUL #60.0, R2
MOV id2, R1
ADD R2,R1
MOV R1, id1

Id3R2
Id2R1
Phases of compiler
Source
program
Analysis
Lexical analysis Phase

Syntax analysis

Semantic
analysis Error
Symbol
table detection
Intermediate
and recovery
code
Variable Type Address Code
Name optimization
Position Float 0001
Code Synthesis
Initial Float 0005 generation Phase
Rate Float 0009 Target
Program
Exercise
• Write output of all the phases of compiler for following statements:
1. x = b-c*2
2. I=p*n*r/100
Grouping of Phases
Front end & back end (Grouping of
phases)
Front end
• Depends primarily on source language and largely independent of the target machine.
• It includes following phases:
1. Lexical analysis
2. Syntax analysis
3. Semantic analysis
4. Intermediate code generation
5. Creation of symbol table
Back end
 Depends on target machine and do not depends on source program.
 It includes following phases:
1. Code optimization
2. Code generation phase
3. Error handling and symbol table operation
Difference between compiler & interpreter
Compiler Interpreter
Scans the entire program and translates it It translates program’s one statement at a
as a whole into machine code. time.
It generates intermediate code. It does not generate intermediate code.
An error is displayed after entire program An error is displayed for every instruction
is checked. interpreted if any.
Memory requirement is more. Memory requirement is less.
Example: C compiler Example: Basic, Python, Ruby
Context of Compiler
(Cousins of compiler)
Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal Source Program
• In addition to compiler, many other system
programs are required to generate absolute Preprocessor
machine code. Source
• These system programs are: Program
Compiler

Target Assembly
• Preprocessor Program
• Assembler Assembler
• Linker Relocatable Object
• Loader Code
Libraries & Linker / Loader
Object Files

Absolute Machine
Code
Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal Source Program
Preprocessor
 Some of the task performed by preprocessor: Preprocessor

1. Macro processing: Allows user to define macros. Ex: Source

#define PI 3.14159265358979323846 Program
2. File inclusion: A preprocessor may include the header Compiler
file into the program. Ex: #include<stdio.h>
Target Assembly
3. Rational preprocessor: It provides built in macro for Program
construct like while statement or if statement.
Assembler
4. Language extensions: Add capabilities to the language
by using built-in macros. Relocatable Object
Code
 Ex: the language equal is a database query
Libraries &
language embedded in C. Statement beginning Linker / Loader
Object Files
with ## are taken by preprocessor to be database
access statement unrelated to C and translated
into procedure call on routines that perform the Absolute Machine
database access. Code
Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal Source Program
Compiler
 A compiler is a program that reads a program Preprocessor

written in source language and translates it into an Source

equivalent program in target language. Program
Compiler

Target Assembly
Program
Assembler

Relocatable Object
Code
Libraries & Linker / Loader
Object Files

Absolute Machine
Code
Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal Source Program
Assembler
 Assembler is a translator which takes the assembly Preprocessor

program (mnemonic) as an input and generates Source

the machine code as an output. Program
Compiler

Target Assembly
Program
Assembler

Relocatable Object
Code
Libraries & Linker / Loader
Object Files

Absolute Machine
Code
Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal Source Program
Linker
 Linker makes a single program from a several files Preprocessor

of relocatable machine code. Source

 These files may have been the result of several Program
Compiler
different compilation, and one or more library files.
Target Assembly
Loader Program
Assembler
 The process of loading consists of:
 Taking relocatable machine code Relocatable Object
Code
 Altering the relocatable address Libraries & Linker / Loader
 Placing the altered instructions and data in Object Files
memory at the proper location.
Absolute Machine
Code
Pass structure
Pass structure
• One complete scan of a source program is called pass.
• Pass includes reading an input file and writing to the output file.
• In a single pass compiler analysis of source statement is immediately followed
by synthesis of equivalent target statement.
• While in a two pass compiler intermediate code is generated between analysis
and synthesis phase.
• It is difficult to compile the source program into single pass due to: forward
reference
Pass structure
Forward reference: A forward reference of a program entity is a reference to the
entity which precedes its definition in the program.
• This problem can be solved by postponing the generation of target code until
more information concerning the entity becomes available.
• It leads to multi pass model of compilation.
Pass I:

• Perform analysis of the source program and note relevant information.

Pass II:

• In Pass II: Generate target code using information noted in pass I.

Effect of reducing the number of passes
• It is desirable to have a few passes, because it takes time to read and write
intermediate file.
• If we group several phases into one pass then memory requirement may be
large.
Types of compiler
Types of compiler
1. One pass compiler
• It is a type of compiler that compiles whole process in one-pass.
2. Two pass compiler
• It is a type of compiler that compiles whole process in two-pass.
• It generates intermediate code.
3. Incremental compiler
• The compiler which compiles only the changed line from the source code and update the object
code.
4. Native code compiler
• The compiler used to compile a source code for a same type of platform only.
5. Cross compiler
• The compiler used to compile a source code for a different kinds platform.