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Chapter 1

The document discusses mathematical modeling and engineering problem solving, emphasizing the importance of understanding engineering systems through observation, experimentation, and theoretical analysis. It outlines the engineering problem-solving process, including the formulation of mathematical models and the application of Newton's 2nd law of motion to real-world scenarios, such as determining the terminal velocity of a free-falling body. The document also highlights the necessity of numerical solutions when analytical solutions are not feasible, and the significance of conservation laws in engineering.

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Tachbir Dewan
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8 views17 pages

Chapter 1

The document discusses mathematical modeling and engineering problem solving, emphasizing the importance of understanding engineering systems through observation, experimentation, and theoretical analysis. It outlines the engineering problem-solving process, including the formulation of mathematical models and the application of Newton's 2nd law of motion to real-world scenarios, such as determining the terminal velocity of a free-falling body. The document also highlights the necessity of numerical solutions when analytical solutions are not feasible, and the significance of conservation laws in engineering.

Uploaded by

Tachbir Dewan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematical Modeling and

Engineering Problem Solving

Chapra: Chapter-1
Mathematical Modeling and
Engineering Problem Solving
• Requires understanding of engineering systems

▫ By observation and experiment


▫ Theoretical analysis and generalization

• Computers are great tools, however, without fundamental


understanding of engineering problems, they will be useless.
The Engineering Problem Solving
Process
The Engineering Problem Solving
Process
• A mathematical model is represented as a functional relationship of
the form

Dependent independent forcing


variable = f variables
parameters functions

• Dependent variable: Characteristic that usually reflects the state of


the system
• Independent variables: Dimensions such as time and space along
which the systems behavior is being determined
• Parameters: reflect the system’s properties or composition
• Forcing functions: external influences acting upon the system
Newton’s 2nd law of Motion
• States that “the time rate change of momentum of a body is
equal to the resulting force acting on it.”
• The model is formulated as
F=ma
F = net force acting on the body (N)
m = mass of the object (kg)
a = its acceleration (m/s2)
Newton’s 2nd law of Motion
• Formulation of Newton’s 2nd law has several characteristics
that are typical of mathematical models of the physical world:
▫ It describes a natural process or system in mathematical
terms
▫ It represents an idealization and simplification of reality
▫ Finally, it yields reproducible results, consequently, can be
used for predictive purposes.
Determining Terminal Velocity of
Free-falling Body
• Some mathematical models of physical phenomena may be
much more complex.

• Complex models may not be solved exactly or require more


sophisticated mathematical techniques than simple algebra for
their solution.
▫ Example, modeling of a falling parachutist:
Determining Terminal Velocity of
Free-falling Body
FU
dv F

dt m
c is the proportionality constant
called the drag coefficient(kg/s)
F FD  FU
FD mg
FU  cv
dv mg  cv
FD 
dt m
Exact Solution
This is a differential equation and is written in terms of the
differential rate of change dv/dt of the variable that we are
interested in predicting.
If the parachutist is initially at rest (v = 0 at t = 0), using
calculus

dv c
g  v
dt m Independent
gm
v(t ) 
c
1 e 
 ( c / m )t
 variable

Dependent Parameters
variable Forcing
function
Analytical Solution to the Falling
Parachutist Problem
Problem statement: A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of
a stationary hot air balloon. Compute velocity prior to opening
the chute. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5 kg/s.
Solution:
Why Numerical?
• There exists many cases where analytical/exact solution is not
possible.
• We can develop a numerical solution that approximates the
exact solution.
Numerical Solution

dv v vti 1  vti  c
   g  vti 
dt t ti 1  ti m
 c 
vti 1  vti   g  vti  ti 1  ti 
 m 
Find and compare the values of v(t) at t={0, 2, 4, 6, 8 …}
Using Exact solution
gm
Using Numerical solution
Compare the results
v(t ) 
c

1  e  ( c / m )t 
Numerical Solution to the Falling
Parachutist Problem
Problem Statement: Perform the same computation as in
previous example but use numerical solution to compute the
velocity. Employ a step size of 2 s for the calculation.
Solution:
t Actual Estimate
m= 68.1
0 0 0
c= 12.5 2 16.42172 19.62
g= 9.81 4 27.79763 32.03736
∆t= 2 6 35.67812 39.89621
8 41.13722 44.87003
10 44.91893 48.01792
12 47.53865 50.01019
60 14 49.35343 51.27109
16 50.61058 52.06911
50
18 51.48146 52.57416
40
20 52.08475 52.89381
30 22 52.50267 53.09611
20
24 52.79218 53.22415
26 52.99273 53.30518
10
28 53.13166 53.35646
0 30 53.22791 53.38892
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
32 53.29457 53.40946
Conservation Laws and
Engineering
• Conservation laws are the most important and fundamental
laws that are used in engineering.
Change = increases – decreases (1.13)
• Change implies changes with time (transient). If the change is
nonexistent (steady-state), Eq. 1.13 becomes
Increases = Decreases
Conservation Laws and
Engineering

• For steady-state incompressible fluid flow in pipes:


Flow in = Flow out
or
100 + 80 = 120 + Flow4
Flow4 = 60
Conservation Laws and
Engineering

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