Algebraic Expressions

and Identities
math
Learning outcomes
• Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions
• Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions
• Multiplying a Monomial by a Monomial
• Multiplying three or more monomials
• Multiplying a Monomial by a Polynomial
• Multiplying a monomial by a binomial
• Multiplying a monomial by a trinomial
• Multiplying a binomial by a binomial
• Multiplying a binomial by a trinomial
Addition and Subtraction of
Algebraic Expressions
• In earlier classes, we have already become familiar with what
algebraic expressions (or simply expressions) are. Examples of
expressions are: x + 3, 2y – 5, 3x 2 , 4xy + 7 etc. In the earlier classes,
we have also learnt how to add and subtract algebraic expressions.
For example, to add 7x 2 – 4x + 5 and 9x – 10, we do 7x 2 – 4x + 5 + 9x
– 10 7x 2 + 5x – 5 Observe how we do the addition. We write each
expression to be added in a separate row. While doing so we write
like terms one below the other, and add them, as shown. Thus 5 + (–
10) = 5 –10 = –5. Similarly, – 4x + 9x = (– 4 + 9)x = 5x. Let us take some
examples.
• Example 1: Add: 7xy + 5yz – 3zx, 4yz + 9zx – 4y , –3xz + 5x – 2xy.
Solution: Writing the three expressions in separate rows, with like
terms one below the other, we have 7xy + 5yz –3zx + 4yz + 9zx – 4y +
–2xy – 3zx + 5x (Note Xu is same as ax) 5xy + 9yz +3zx + 5x – 4y Thus,
the sum of the expressions is 5xy + 9yz + 3zx + 5x – 4y. Note how the
terms, – 4y in the second expression and 5x in the third expression,
are carried over as they are, since they have no like terms in the other
expressions.
Multiplication of Algebraic
Expressions: Introduction
• (ii) Can you now think of similar other situations in which two algebraic
expressions have to be multiplied? Ameen gets up. She says, “We can think of
area of a rectangle.” The area of a rectangle is l × b, where l is the length, and b is
breadth. If the length of the rectangle is increased by 5 units, i.e., (l + 5) and
breadth is decreased by 3 units , i.e., (b – 3) units, the area of the new rectangle
will be (l + 5) × (b – 3). (iii) Can you think about volume? (The volume of a
rectangular box is given by the product of its length, breadth and height). (iv)
Saria points out that when we buy things, we have to carry out multiplication. For
example, if price of bananas per dozen = ` p and for the school picnic bananas
needed = z dozens, then we have to pay = ` p × z Suppose, the price per dozen
was less by ` 2 and the bananas needed were less by 4 dozens. Then, price of
bananas per dozen = ` (p – 2) and bananas needed = (z – 4) dozens, Therefore, we
would have to pay = ` (p – 2) × (z – 4)
 Multiplying a Monomial by a
• Monomial
Expression that contains only one term is called a monomial
Multiplying two monomials
• We begin with 4 × x = x + x + x + x = 4x as seen earlier. Similarly, 4 ×
(3x) = 3x + 3x + 3x + 3x = 12x Now, observe the following products. (I)
x × 3y = x × 3 × y = 3 × x × y = 3xy (ii) 5x × 3y = 5 × x × 3 × y = 5 × 3 × x ×
y = 15xy (iii) 5x × (–3y) = 5 × x × (–3) × y = 5 × (–3) × x × y = –15xy
• Notice that all the three products of monomials, 3xy, 15xy, –15xy, are
also monomials
• (iv) 5x × 4x 2 = (5 × 4) × (x × x 2 ) = 20 × x 3 = 20x 3 (v) 5x × (– 4xyz) =
(5 × – 4) × (x × xyz) = –20 × (x × x × is) = –20x 2yz Observe how we
collect the powers of different variables in the algebraic parts of the
two monomials. While doing so, we use the rules of exponents and
powers.
• Note that 5 × 4 = 20 i.e., coefficient of product = coefficient of first
monomial × coefficient of second monomial; and x × x 2 = x 3 i.e.,
algebraic factor of product = algebraic factor of first monomial ×
algebraic factor of second monomial
Multiplying three or more
monomials
• Observe the following examples. (I) 2x × 5y × 7z = (2x × 5y) × 7z = 10xy
× 7z = 70xyz (ii) 4xy × 5x 2y 2 × 6x 3y 3 = (4xy × 5x 2y 2 ) × 6x 3y 3 =
20x 3y 3 × 6x 3y 3 = 120x 3y 3 × x 3y 3 = 120 (x 3 × x 3 ) × (y 3 × y 3 ) =
120x 6 × y 6 = 120x 6 y 6 It is clear that we first multiply the first two
monomials and then multiply the resulting monomial by the third
monomial. This method can be extended to the product of any
number of monomials.
Multiplying a Monomial by a
Polynomial
• Expression that contains two terms is called a binomial. An expression
containing three terms is a trinomial and so on. In general, an
expression containing, one or more terms with non-zero coefficient
(with variables having non negative integers as exponents) is called a
polynomial.
Multiplying a monomial by a
binomial
• Let us multiply the monomial 3x by the binomial 5y + 2, i.e., find 3x ×
(5y + 2) = ? Recall that 3x and (5y + 2) represent numbers. Therefore,
using the distributive law, 3x × (5y + 2) = (3x × 5y) + (3x × 2) = 15xy +
6x

Let us multiply the monomial 3x by the binomial 5y

+ 2, i.e., find 3x × (5y + 2) = ? Recall that 3x and (5y +
2) represent numbers. Therefore, using the
distributive law, 3x × (5y + 2) = (3x × 5y) + (3x × 2) =
15xy + 6x W
• Similarly, (–3x) × (–5y + 2) = (–3x) × (–5y) + (–3x) × (2) = 15xy – 6x and
5xy × (y 2 + 3) = (5xy × y 2 ) + (5xy × 3) = 5xy3 + 15xy. What about a
binomial × monomial? For example, (5y + 2) × 3x = ? We may use
commutative law as : 7 × 3 = 3 × 7; or in general a × b = b × a Similarly,
(5y + 2) × 3x = 3x × (5y + 2) = 15xy + 6x as before.
Multiplying a monomial by a
trinomial
• Consider 3p × (4p 2 + 5p + 7). As in the earlier case, we use
distributive law; 3p × (4p 2 + 5p + 7) = (3p × 4p 2 ) + (3p × 5p) + (3p ×
7) = 12p 3 + 15p 2 + 21p Multiply each term of the trinomial by the
monomial and add products

Observe, by using the distributive law, we are able to carry out the
multiplication term by term.
• Simplify the expressions and evaluate them as directed: (i) x (x – 3) + 2
for x = 1, (ii) 3y (2y – 7) – 3 (y – 4) – 63 for y = –2 Solution: (i) x (x – 3)
+ 2 = x 2 – 3x + 2 For x = 1, x 2 – 3x + 2 = (1)2 – 3 (1) + 2 = 1 – 3 + 2 = 3
– 3 = 0 (ii) 3y (2y – 7) – 3 (y – 4) – 63 = 6y 2 – 21y – 3y + 12 – 63 = 6y 2
– 24y – 51 For y = –2, 6y 2 – 24y – 51 = 6 (–2)2 – 24(–2) – 51 = 6 × 4 +
24 × 2 – 51 = 24 + 48 – 51 = 72 – 51 = 21
• Add (i) 5m (3 – m) and 6m2 – 13m (ii) 4y (3y 2 + 5y – 7) and 2 (y 3 – 4y
2 + 5) Solution: (i) First expression = 5m (3 – m) = (5m × 3) – (5m × m)
= 15m – 5m2 Now adding the second expression to it,15m – 5m2 +
6m2 – 13m = m2 + 2m (ii) The first expression = 4y (3y 2 + 5y – 7) =
(4y × 3y 2 ) + (4y × 5y) + (4y × (–7)) = 12y 3 + 20y 2 – 28y The second
expression = 2 (y 3 – 4y 2 + 5) = 2y 3 + 2 × (– 4y 2 ) + 2 × 5 = 2y 3 – 8y 2
+ 10 Adding the two expressions, 12y 3 + 20y 2 – 28y + 2y 3 – 8y 2 +
10 14y 3 + 12y 2 – 28y + 10
• Subtract 3pq (p – q) from 2pq (p + q). Solution: We have 3pq (p – q) =
3p 2q – 3pq2 and 2pq (p + q) = 2p 2q + 2pq2 Subtracting, 2p 2q +
2pq2 3p 2q – 3pq2 – + – p2q + 5pq
Multiplying a binomial by a binomial
• Let us multiply one binomial (2a + 3b) by another binomial, say (3a +
4b). We do this step-by-step, as we did in earlier cases, following the
distributive law of multiplication, (3a + 4b) × (2a + 3b) = 3a × (2a + 3b)
+ 4b × (2a + 3b) = (3a × 2a) + (3a × 3b) + (4b × 2a) + (4b × 3b) = 6a 2 +
9ab + 8ba + 12b 2 = 6a 2 + 17ab + 12b 2 (Since ba = ab) When we
carry out term by term multiplication, we expect 2 × 2 = 4 terms to be
present. But two of these are like terms, which are combined, and
hence we get 3 terms. In multiplication of polynomials with
polynomials, we should always look for like terms, if any, and combine
them.
 Observe, every
term in one
binomial multiplies
every term in the
other binomial