LINE TRANSMISSION THEORY

EQUIVALENT CKT &

WAVE EQUATION

PRESENTATION BY:
ASST. PROF. BHUPENDRA KUMAR SHUKLA
 CONTENTS

1. DUALITY 2. LOSSY ELEMENTS 3. EQUIVALENT CKT 4. LOW PASS FILTER

 DUALITY OF ELEMENTS

R G
Duality:
R⬌G C
L
L⬌C
I⬌V
LOOP ⬌ NODE
V I
 TRANSMISSION LINE ELEMENTS

Elements

Lossy elements Memory elements

Responsible for loss of Energy Responsible for storage of Energy
C
R G L

“All elements are distributed along the length of Transmission line”

 CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE
R=5 ohm/m
• R = ⍴l/A where l is the length of the
conductor, A is cross sectional area of the
conductor and ⍴ is the resistivity of the
conductor.
10 m
• Resistance at any length= R(ohm/m)*length

Length (m) R (ohm) Length (m) R (ohm) Length (m) R (ohm)

1 5 4 20 7 35
2 10 5 25 8 40
3 15 6 30 9 45
10 50 X 5X ∆x 5∆x
 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSMISSION LINE
R ∆x JῳL ∆x Unit cell

Vg ZL
JῳC ∆x G ∆x

Z0

∆x

R ∆x JῳL ∆x R ∆x JῳL ∆x R ∆x JῳL ∆x

JῳC ∆x G ∆x JῳC ∆x G ∆x JῳC ∆x G ∆x

Series connection of unit cell

 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRANSMISSION LINE

• In the transmission line, Current &

Voltage travel in form of wave Vg ZL

• KCL & KVL cannot be used for Z0

transmission Line. While it can be

R ∆x JῳL ∆x Unit cell
used for small section of the
transmission line ( λ>> ∆x).
JῳC ∆x G ∆x
• Current always flows from higher
potential to lower potential
∆x<< λ
• Current always flows from higher
potential to lower potential R ∆x JῳL ∆x Unit cell
I
• I = V-(V + ∆V) / (R ∆x + JῳL ∆x ) + +
V JῳC ∆x G ∆x V + ∆V
•I = - ∆V / (R + JῳL) ∆x
- -
•I (R + JῳL) = - ∆V / ∆x ∆x<< λ

•If ∆x 0
Coupled Equation
•I (R + JῳL) = - dV / dx dual of this I (R + JῳL) = - dV / dx
equation V (G + JῳC) = - dI / dx

• V (G + JῳC) = - dI / dx
•I (R + JῳL) = - dV / dx ……………..1 Wave Equation

• V (G + JῳC) = - dI / dx………………2 V ỳ2 = d2V / d2x

•dI / dx (R + JῳL) = - d2V / d2x …...3 I ỳ2 = d2I/ d2x

• -V (G + JῳC) (R + JῳL) = - d2V / d2x

• In the transmission line,
•V (G + JῳC) (R + JῳL) = d2V / d2x Current & Voltage travel in
form of wave
•V ỳ2 = d2V / d2x

•I ỳ2 = d2I/ d2x
 Wave Equation

  x  x   x  x
V ( x) V e V e V ỳ2 = d2V / d2x I ( x ) I e I e
I ỳ2 = d2I/ d2x
Forward wave Return wave
Forward wave Return wave  2 ( R  jL)(G  jC )

Propagation constant

   j

Vg ZL

Z0
 SIGNIFICANC OF PROPAGATION CONSTANT
Propagation constant    j Phase shift constant

Attenuation constant

Medium
5V 1V

T
λ 2∏
1 2∏/λ

x 2∏/λ * x=
phase
ᵦ= 2∏/λ λ
 SIGNIFICANC OF PROPAGATION CONSTANT
   j
Short V ZL
R=0
Attenuation constant = 0 Z0
OPEN
G=0 R ∆x JῳL ∆x Unit cell

JῳC ∆x G ∆x

JῳL ∆x JῳL ∆x JῳL ∆x ∆x

JῳC ∆x JῳC ∆x JῳC ∆x

 SIGNIFICANC OF PROPAGATION CONSTANT
   j
Short V ZL
L
Phase shift constant = 0 Z0
i.e. f=0 i.e. DC
R ∆x JῳL ∆x Unit cell
OPEN
C

JῳC ∆x G ∆x

∆x
R ∆x R ∆x R ∆x

G ∆x G ∆x G ∆x
 SIGNIFICANC OF PROPAGATION CONSTANT
   j
Short V ZL
L
R=0 Phase shift and attenuation
constant = 0 Z0
i.e. f=0 i.e. DC with no attenuation
OPEN R ∆x JῳL ∆x Unit cell
C
G
JῳC ∆x G ∆x

∆x
 SIGNIFICANC OF PROPAGATION CONSTANT
   j
V ZL
Phase shift and attenuation
constant ≠ 0 Z0

R ∆x JῳL ∆x Unit cell

“Attenuation of signal”
JῳC ∆x G ∆x
Why

∆x
 TRANSMISSION LINE AS LOW PASS FILTER
   j
Short V ZL
R=0
Attenuation constant = 0 Z0
OPEN
G=0 R ∆x JῳL ∆x Unit cell

JῳC ∆x G ∆x

JῳL ∆x JῳL ∆x JῳL ∆x ∆x

JῳC ∆x JῳC ∆x JῳC ∆x

 TRANSMISSION LINE AS LOW PASS FILTER

JῳL ∆x
L Short
ω=0

JῳC ∆x
OPEN
C
 Tx LINE AS LOW PASS FILTER

JῳL ∆x
Open ω= ∞
L

JῳC ∆x
Short
C