LINE TRANSMISSION THEORY

EQUIVALENT CKT &

WAVE EQUATION

PRESENTATION BY:
ASST. PROF. BHUPENDRA KUMAR SHUKLA
 LOW LOSS TRANSMISSION LINE

 2 ( R  jL)(G  jC )    j
V ZL

  ( R  jL)(G  jC ) Z0

R G R G RG
  j L * j  C (  1)(  1)   j LC {( 1   )}
j L j C 2 j L 2 jC 4 jLjC
R G R G
  j LC {( 1/ 2
 1) (  1)1/ 2 }   j LC {( 1  )}
j L j C 2 j L 2 j C
R G R C G L
  j LC {(  1)(  1)}   j LC  1  )}
2 j L 2 j C 2 L 2 C
 LOW LOSS TRANSMISSION LINE

R C G L
 1    j LC
2 L 2 C ᾳ

•Attenuation is independent from

ῳ
frequency and it’s a constant, i.e. all the
frequency component are attenuated by
same amount.
ᵦ
•Phase shift constant is linear
ῳ
DISTORTION & ATTENUATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE

V ZL

Z0

Medium
5V 1V

“Change in shape is distortion”

 DISTORTION LESS TRANSMISSION LINE

 2 ( R  jL)(G  jC )    j
V ZL
R G
  ( R  jL)(G  jC )  Z0
L C
R G R G RG
  j L * j  C (  1)(  1)   j LC {( 1   )}
j L j C 2 j L 2 jC 4 jLjC
R G R G
  j LC {( 1/ 2
 1) (  1)1/ 2 }   j LC {( 1  )}
j L j C 2 j L 2 j C
R G R R
  j LC {(  1)(  1)}   j LC {( 1  )}
2 j L 2 j C 2 j L 2 j L
R
  j LC {(  1)}
j L
 DISTORTION LESS TRANSMISSION LINE
R
  j LC {(  1)}
j L
R G ᾳ

R C L C
  j LC 
L
R C ῳ
   j LC
L
•Attenuation is independent from ᵦ
frequency and it’s a constant, i.e. all the
frequency component are attenuated by
ῳ
same amount.

•Phase shift constant is linear

 CALCULATION OF ATTENUATION & PHASE SHIFT CONSTANT

 2 ( R  jL)(G  jC )    j   ( R  jL)(G  jC )

 2   2  2 j ( RG   2 LC )  j ( LG  RC )

    j  ( R  jL)(G  jC ) •Attenuation constant and phase shift

constant for general transmission line
 2   2  ( R 2   2 L2 )(G 2   2C 2 )
•Both factors are the function of the
   ( RG   LC )
2 2 2
frequency
( RG   2 LC )  ( R 2   2 L2 )(G 2   2C 2 )

2
( 2 LC  RG )  ( R 2   2 L2 )(G 2   2C 2 )

2
 CANDITION OF MINIMUUM ATTENUATION & DISTORTION

( RG   2 LC )  ( R 2   2 L2 )(G 2   2C 2 )

2
d d
0 0
dL dC

R G

L C

“This condition is the condition of minimum attenuation and distortion “

 SIGNIFICANCE OF DISTORTION LESS TRANSMISSION CONDITION
Element Value
R G
R 42.1 Ω/km 
R G L C
L 1 mH/km 
L C
C 0.062 µF/km
G 1.5 µ ℧ /km
R

•Reduce R l
R 
A
•Increase the area of the conductor
l
 SIGNIFICANCE OF DISTORTION LESS TRANSMISSION CONDITION

A
•Reduce C C 
d
Vg ZL
•Increase the distance between
the conductor
Z0

•Increase G

•Increase the leakage current

•Displacement Current flows through dielectric.

•Leakage Current : type of displacement current due to dielectric’s conductive behavior

 SIGNIFICANCE OF DISTORTION LESS TRANSMISSION CONDITION

•Increase L

•Due to flux.

•Flux : no of lines∝I

•⏀= LI

•Increase the distance between

the conductor

• Loading of line, Lumped loading

 TYPES OF DISTORTION/HARMONICS

f (t ) a0 cos 0t  a1 cos t  a2 cos 2t  a3 cos 3t..  an cos nt..  b0 sin 0t  b1 sin t  b2 sin 2t..  bn sin nt  ..

a0 cos 0t
a1 cos t
T
a3 cos 3t

λ
•Periodic signal repeats its shape
after fix duration
a2 cos 2t
•If fundamental frequency is f
Then harmonics will be 2f, 3f, 4f..
……….nf
 FREQUENCY DISTORTION

f (t ) a0 cos 0t  a1 cos t  a2 cos 2t  a3 cos 3t..  an cos nt..  b0 sin 0t  b1 sin t  b2 sin 2t..  bn sin nt  ..

( RG   2 LC )  ( R 2   2 L2 )(G 2   2C 2 )

2

•Attenuation is the function of frequency, may be higher frequencies suffer from

larger attenuation may be they disappear. Because of attenuation frequencies are
distorted. For example

 

•Different frequency component suffer from different amount of attenuation

 PHASE DISTORTION

f (t ) a0 cos 0t  a1 cos t  a2 cos 2t  a3 cos 3t..  an cos nt..  b0 sin 0t  b1 sin t  b2 sin 2t..  bn sin nt  ..

( RG   2 LC )  ( R 2   2 L2 )(G 2   2C 2 )

2

•Phase shift constant is the function of frequency, arrival time at receiving end will
be different for different frequency component.



v