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UTM

The document discusses the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system, detailing its historical context, structure, and practical applications in mapping. It explains the importance of projected coordinate systems for accurate spatial analysis and the role of datums in georeferencing. Additionally, it highlights the evolution of maps in relation to GIS technology, emphasizing their function as tools for spatial analysis and visualization.

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Dems Weldeyesus
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11 views32 pages

UTM

The document discusses the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system, detailing its historical context, structure, and practical applications in mapping. It explains the importance of projected coordinate systems for accurate spatial analysis and the role of datums in georeferencing. Additionally, it highlights the evolution of maps in relation to GIS technology, emphasizing their function as tools for spatial analysis and visualization.

Uploaded by

Dems Weldeyesus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UTM - UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR GEOGRAPHIC

COORDINATE SYSTEM

•The idea of the transverse mercator


projection has its roots in the 18th century,
•but it did not come into common usage until
World War II.
•UTM is a ‘pseudo cylindrical’ conformal
projection
•It preserves shape
•Little distortion along the equator
•There is distortion towards the pole.
Example poster size maps
•The globe divided in to 60 N and S zones
•Each 60 longitude
•Each has central meridian
•The 1st zone 1N &1S starts -1800
•Zone two begins 1740 w and extends 168 0 w
•Last Zone 1740
Limite of zones 840 N and 800 S
•The origin of each zone is its central meridian
and the equator
•To eliminate the negative coordinate the
value given for the CM a false easting i.e
500000 m
•And the value given for the equator is a false
northing
•A north zone as a false northing of zero
•A south zone as a false northing of
10,000,000m
Any easting value less than
500000m is west of CM.

Any easting value grater than


500000m is east of CM.
The polar regions
•Use universal polar stereographic coo. System
•In the northern hemisphere the origin is the
equator
•In the southern hemisphere the origin is the
south pole
•Having the separate origin for S and N
hemisphere eliminate the need for any
negative value
Reasons for using Projected coordinate system

1. to make accurate measurements from your


map and be sure that the spatial analysis
options you use in ArcMap calculate
distance correctly.

•Latitude-longitude is a good system for


storing spatial data but not as good for
viewing, querying, or analyzing maps.
2. making a map in which you want to preserve
one or more of these properties:
• area, shape, distance, and direction.
3. making a small-scale map such as a national
or world map. With a small scale map, your
choice of map projection determines the
overall appearance of the map.
4. organization mandates using a particular
projected coordinate system for all maps.
Few things to consider when choosing a
projection:
• Which spatial properties do you want to
preserve?
• Where is the area you're mapping? Is your
data in a polar region? An equatorial region?
• What shape is the area you're mapping? Is it
square? Is it wider in the east–west direction?
•How big is the area you're mapping?
On large-scale maps, such as street maps,
distortion may be negligible because your
map covers only a small part of the earth's
surface.

On small-scale maps, where a small distance


on the map represents a considerable
distance on the earth, distortion may have a
bigger impact, especially if you use your
map to compare or measure shape, area, or
distance
Datums
The geoid and ellipsoid, in the context of vertical
and horizontal positions in georeferencing, are
called datums.
By definition, a datum is a model that describes
the position, direction and scale relationships of a
reference surface to positions on the surface of
the earth.
Or
Datum is the reference specifications of a
measurement system, usually a system of
coordinate positions on a surface (a horizontal
datum) or heights above or below a surface (a
vertical datum).
Datums Georeferencing
1. Geodetic Datum

• These are established to provide positional


control that supports surveying and
mapping projects covering large geographic
areas such as a country, a continent or the
whole world.
Classic geodetic datums are defined by the ff
elements:
•the position of the origin (in terms of latitude
and longitude or other systems),
•the orientation of the geodetic network (i.e.
the azimuth to another point),
•the parameters (i.e. the major semi-axis and
flattening) of the reference ellipsoid selected
for the computation,
•and the geoid undulation at the origin.
Starting with these geodetic parameters of the
origin as the absolute minimum information, a
national, continental, or global network of
geodetic control points is then established.

Geodetic datums provide a better fit to the


geoid globally than conventional datums and
consequently are used in today’s satellite-based
navigation systems such as the global positioning
system.
Geodetic datums can be classified according to
the geographical area that they cover into
global and local datums.
Global geodetic datums are those that have
been developed for georeferencing based on a
single point at the center of the earth. The
world Geodetic systems of 1984 (WGS 1984) is
such a datum.
WGS 84 is now the standard ellipsoid model of
earth for GPS.`
Local geodetic datums are based on ellipsoid
that best fit earth’s surface in a particular area
of interest, also known as area of validity.
They are usually established to serve the
georeferencing needs of a particular country or
a group of adjacent countries.
A local datum aligns its spheroid to closely fit
the earth's surface in a particular area.
A point on the surface of the spheroid is
matched to a particular position on the surface
of the earth. This point is known as the origin
point of the datum.

The coordinates of the origin point are fixed,


and all other points are calculated from it.
The coordinate system origin of a local datum
is not at the center of the earth.

The center of the spheroid of a local datum is


offset from the earth's center.
The vertical datum
The vertical datum is the zero surfaces from which all
elevations or heights are measured.

The mean sea level (MSL) was used as a vertical datum for
mapping because the sea surface is available world wide.
For the purpose of establishing the MSL for use as vertical
datum it is necessary to continuously measure the raise and
fall of the ocean level at one or more tidal gauge stations for a
period of ten to twenty years.

The purpose is to average out the heights and lows of the tides
caused by the changing effects of the gravitational forces of
the sun and the moon.
Chapter 4
GIS AND MAPS
•A fundamental characteristic of GIS is its
ability to handle spatial data, i.e., the location
of objects in a geographic space, and the
associated attributes.
•map is the most efficient shorthand to show
locations of objects with attributes and their
spatial distributions.
•These objects can be physical or cultural in
nature.
•Therefore, a map is a graphical representation
of the spatial structure of the physical and
cultural environments.
•Mapping is an abstraction process by which
real-world objects are measured, documented,
and stored on a medium (commonly paper).
•As the result of the abstraction, the real world
is both simplified and reduced in size.
•This leads to the important concepts of scale,
classification, symbolization, and generalization
in cartography.
•Besides showing spatial location and attributes, maps are
also used as tools for spatial analysis.
•Such analyses can be performed on a single map sheet or
multiple map sheets for the detection of spatial
distribution patterns and relationships among different
types of objects
•By analyzing maps of the same area produced at different
times, changes and trends of spatial phenomena can be
identified.
•Because of the large number of measurements involved,
spatial analysis based on maps has been a very time-
consuming and tedious task.
The difficulty of using paper maps for spatial
analysis was one of the factors behind the
development of GIS.
The use of computers in map making is an
integral part of modern cartography. The role of
the map changed accordingly.
Increasingly, maps lose their role as data
storage. This role is taken over by (spatial)
databases.
What remains is the visualization function of
maps.
Maps also become a data source for other maps.
•The relation between maps and GIS is rather
intense. Maps can be used as input for a GIS.
•They can be used to communicate results of GIS
operations,
•Maps are tools while working with GIS to
execute and support spatial analysis operations.
question that can be answered from maps
Where?
Where is Adama University?
What?
What is the dominant land cover in Ethiopia?
When?
When the lake Almaya dry up?
As such, maps are the most efficient and
effective means to transfer spatial information.
Maps
“Maps are a representation or abstraction of
geographic reality. A tool for presenting geographic
information in a way that is visual, digital or tactile.”
The geographic reality represents the object of
study, our world. Representation and abstraction
refer to models of these geographic phenomena.
The second sentence reflects the appearance of the
map. Can we see or touch it, or is it stored in a
database.
In other words, a map is a reduced and simplified
representation of all or parts of the Earth’s surface
on a plane.
Traditionally, maps are divided in topographic
and thematic maps.
A topographic map visualizes, limited by its
scale, the Earth’s surface as accurately as
possible.
This may include infrastructure (e.g., railroads
and roads), land use, reference grid.

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