MEDIUM ACCESS LAYER

• Multiple access protocol

• Topologies
• Overview of IEEE standard 802 for lans and mans
• Introduction to wireless communication
• Introduction to bridge , switch, and router
 MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOL

• Multiple Access Protocol (MAP) refers to a set of rules and procedures that

govern the sharing of a communication channel among multiple users or

devices. It ensures efficient and fair access to the channel, allowing multiple

users to transmit and receive data without excessive collisions or interference .

• There are several types of multiple access protocols commonly used in various

communication systems:
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA): In CSMA protocols,

devices listen to the channel before transmitting data. If the channel is idle, the device

can start transmitting. However, if another device is already transmitting, the device

waits for the channel to become idle before attempting transmission.

 CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with

Collision Detection): Is used in Ethernet LANs. If a collision occurs (i.e.,

two devices transmit simultaneously), they both stop and wait for a random time

before retransmitting.
 CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision

Avoidance) Is used in wireless LANs like Wi-Fi. It includes a mechanism to avoid

collisions by using explicit acknowledgment and request-to-send/clear-to-send signals .

 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): In TDMA, the available

channel is divided into time slots, and each user is allocated one or more time slots for

transmission. Users take turns transmitting in their allocated slots, thereby avoiding collisions.

TDMA is often used in cellular systems.

 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA):
FDMA divides the available frequency spectrum into multiple non-overlapping frequency

bands. Each user is assigned a specific frequency band for communication, ensuring that

they can transmit and receive without interference.

 FDMA is commonly used in analog cellular

systems.Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): CDMA

assigns a unique code to each user, allowing multiple users to transmit simultaneously on

the same frequency. The codes are orthogonal to each other, allowing the receiver to

separate and decode individual signals. CDMA is used in digital cellular systems like 3G and
 topologies
Topologies in networking refer to the physical or logical arrangement of devices and links in

a network. Here are some concise explanations of common network topologies

1. Bus Topology:- All devices are connected to a single shared communication

line called a bus.- Devices transmit data onto the bus, and all connected devices receive

and process the data simultaneously.- Advantages: Simple to implement, cost-effective for

small networks.- Disadvantages: Bus failures can disrupt the entire network.
2. Star Topology:- Each device is connected to a central device, such as a

switch or hub.- All communication between devices is routed through the central

device.- Advantages: Easy to manage, failure of one device or cable doesn't affect the

entire network.- Disadvantages: Central device becomes a single point of failure.

3. Ring Topology:- Devices are connected in a circular manner, forming a closed
loop.- Data is transmitted sequentially from one device to the next until it reaches the

intended recipient.- Advantages: Equal access for all devices, suitable for small networks.-

Disadvantages: Network can be disrupted by a single device or cable failure.

4. Mesh Topology:- Every device is connected to every other device, forming

redundant paths.- Provides high reliability and fault tolerance.- Advantages: Redundancy

ensures reliable communication, suitable for critical applications.- Disadvantages:

Expensive and complex due to extensive cabling requirements.

5. Hybrid Topology:- Combines two or more different topologies to form a more
flexible network.- Offers benefits of multiple topologies to meet specific requirements.-

Advantages: Provides scalability and customization options.- Disadvantages: Can be complex

to design and manage.

5.Tree Topology:- Tree topology is a hierarchical network structure that

resembles a tree, with a root node at the top and branches connecting various levels of sub

nodes.- It combines characteristics of the bus and star topologies, creating a multi-level

network arrangement.- The root node serves as a central connection point, while

subsequent levels branch out to connect multiple devices.- Each node or device can have

child nodes, creating a parent-child relationship.- Data flows from the higher levels (root) to

the lower levels (leaves) of the tree.

Overview of IEEE Standard 802 for LANs and

MANs:-
IEEE Standard 802 is a collection of networking standards developed by the Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area

networks (MANs).-

Key
TheStandards within IEEE
standard defines Standard
various 802:1.
aspects of network operations, including protocols, physical media,

1. IEEEarchitecture,
network 802.3 (Ethernet):-
and data transmission
Defines the methods.- Each standard
Ethernet protocol within
for wired LANs,the 802 series
specifying

addresses specific
the physical network
and data functionalities
link layer standards.-and technologies.
It includes different variants such as Ethernet

over twisted pair, Ethernet over fiber, and Ethernet over coaxial cable.
2. IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi):- Covers wireless LAN technologies, commonly known as

Wi-Fi.- It specifies the protocols for wireless network connectivity, including different versions such

as 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and the latest 802.11ac and 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6).

3. IEEE 802.1Q (Virtual LAN):- Defines the standard for creating virtual LANs

(VLANs) within a physical LAN infrastructure.- It allows for network segmentation, improving

security, performance, and manageability.

4. IEEE 802.15 (Wireless Personal Area Network):-
Encompasses wireless personal area networks (WPANs), including Bluetooth technology.- It

specifies short-range wireless communication standards for devices in proximity.

5. IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX):- Focuses on wireless metropolitan area networks

(WMANs).- It provides wireless broadband access over long distances, similar to cellular

networks.

6. IEEE 802.22 (Wireless Regional Area Network):-

Addresses wireless regional area networks (WRANs).- It utilizes unused or underutilized TV

broadcast frequencies to provide broadband access in rural and remote areas.

 Introduction to wireless communication

Wireless communication is a field of technology that enables the transfer of information or

data between two or more devices without the need for physical wired connections. It has

revolutionized the way we communicate and has become an integral part of our daily

lives.
Wireless communication offers several advantages over wired communication. It provides

freedom of mobility, allowing devices to communicate with each other without the

constraint of physical cables. This mobility has facilitated the development of various

wireless technologies, including mobile phones, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and satellite

communication.
 Mobile communication is one of the most widely used wireless communication technologies. It

enables voice calls, text messaging, and data transfer through cellular networks.

Wi-Fi, another popular wireless communication technology, enables wireless local area networks

(WLANs). It allows devices within a specific area to connect and communicate with each other

without the need for physical cables. Wi-Fi has become prevalent in homes, offices, public spaces,

and even on airplanes, providing convenient internet access.

Satellite communication is a wireless technology that uses communication satellites orbiting the

Earth to relay signals over long distances. It is widely used for broadcasting television signals, global

positioning systems (GPS), weather forecasting, and long-distance communication in remote areas.
 Introduction to bridge , switch, and router

Here's a brief introduction to bridges, switches, and routers in data communications and

computer networks:

Bridge:
A bridge is a network device that operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.It

connects multiple network segments or LANs (Local Area Networks) together and forwards

data between them.Bridges use MAC (Media Access Control) addresses to make forwarding

decisions and build a table known as the bridge table or MAC table.They are typically used to

extend the network and improve its performance by reducing the amount of network traffic.
Switch :
A switch is also a network device that operates at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model . Like

a bridge, a switch connects multiple network segments or LANs together and forwards data between

them . However, switches are more advanced than bridges and offer additional features and

capabilities .

Switches have multiple ports and can simultaneously transmit data to multiple devices connected to

these ports . They use MAC addresses to make forwarding decisions, just like bridges, and maintain a

MAC table to track devices' locations on the network.

Router :
A router is a network device that operates at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model. It

connects multiple networks together, such as LANs or the Internet, and forwards data packets

between them . Routers use IP (Internet Protocol) addresses to make routing decisions and build a

routing table . They are intelligent devices that can determine the best path for data transmission

based on the destination IP address . Routers provide functionalities like network addressing,

packet forwarding, and network traffic control.

Thank you