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Class 9 - Structure of An Atom

The document discusses the structure of an atom, detailing the discovery of sub-atomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. It outlines various atomic models, including Thomson's Plum Pudding Model, Rutherford's Nuclear Model, and Bohr's Model, highlighting their key postulates and experimental evidence. The document concludes with a brief overview of the properties of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

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3K views16 pages

Class 9 - Structure of An Atom

The document discusses the structure of an atom, detailing the discovery of sub-atomic particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. It outlines various atomic models, including Thomson's Plum Pudding Model, Rutherford's Nuclear Model, and Bohr's Model, highlighting their key postulates and experimental evidence. The document concludes with a brief overview of the properties of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

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dhanudarsh944
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

Introduction

John Dalton considered atom to be an indivisible entity, but his concept had to be
discarded at the end of nineteenth century, when scientists through experiments
were able to find existence of charged (electrons and protons) and neutral particles
(neutrons) in the atom. These particles were called the ‘Sub-atomic Particles’.
Three sub-atomic particles:

 Discovery of Electron : J.J. Thomson discovered the electron with


negative charge in 1897. Thomson carried a cathode ray
experiment in which he observed a flow of negatively charged particles
coming out of cathode towards the anode. These particles were named
as electrons.
 Discovery of Proton : Ernest Goldstein discovered proton in
1886. Goldstein observed in the same gas discharge tube that the
anode emitted positive particles which he named as Canal Rays. This
experiment led to the discovery of proton.
 Discovery of Neutron : J. Chadwick discovered neutron in 1932.
Neutron is present in the nucleus of all atoms.
Atomic Models
:
Various Models of atom:
(a) Thomson Model or Water Melon Model or Plum pudding Model
(b) Rutherford’s Model or Planetary Model:
(c) Bohr’s Atomic Model:
Thomson’s Model of an Atom:

 Thomson proposed the model of an atom to be similar to


that of a Plum pudding (Christmas pudding) or
Watermelon.
Thomson model is compared with watermelon;
 The positive charge in the atom is spread all over like the
red edible part of the watermelon.
 While the electrons are studded in the positively charged
sphere, like the seeds in the watermelon.
Postulates of Thomson’ model of an Atom:

 An atom consists of a positively charged sphere and the


electrons are embedded in it.
 The negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude.
So, the atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
 Although, Thomson’s model explained that atoms are
electrically neutral, but it failed to explain the stability of
an atom. This theory also fails to accounts for the position
of neutrons in the atom.
 There are no experimental evidences in its supports.
Rutherford's scattering experiment:

Ernest Rutherford was interested in knowing how the electrons are arranged within an
atom. Rutherford designed an experiment for this. In this experiment, fast moving alpha
(α)-particles were made to fall on a thin gold foil.
 He selected a gold foil because he wanted as thin a layer as possible. This gold foil was
about 1000 atoms thick.
 α-particles are doubly-charged helium ions. Since they have a mass of 4µ, the fast-
moving α-particles have a considerable amount of energy.
It was expected that α-particles would be deflected by the sub-atomic particles in the gold
atoms. Since the α-particles were much heavier than the protons, he did not expect to see
large deflections. But, the α-particle scattering experiment gave totally unexpected
results .
Observations of Rutherford's scattering experiment:

 Most of the fast moving α-


particles passed straight
through the gold foil.
 Some of the α-particles were
deflected by the foil by small
angles.
 Surprisingly one out of every
12,000 alpha particles
appeared to rebound.
Conclusion of Rutherford's scattering experiment:

 Most of the space inside the atom is empty because most of the α-
particles passed through the gold foil without getting deflected.
 Very few particles were deflected from their path, indicating that
the positive charge of the atom occupies very little space.
 A very small fraction of α-particles were deflected by very large
angles, indicating that all the positive charge and mass of the gold
atom were concentrated in a very small volume within the atom.
Rutherford’s Nuclear model of an Atom
Rutherford concluded the model of the atom
from the α-particle scattering experiment as
follows:
(i) There is a positively charged centre in an
atom called the nucleus. Nearly all the mass
of an atom resides in the nucleus.
(ii) (ii) The electrons revolve around the nucleus
in well-defined orbits.
(iii) (iii) The size of the nucleus is very small
compared to the size of the atom.
Rutherford model of atom is also
called Nuclear model of atom.
Bohr’s Model of an atom:
Neil's Bohr put forward the following postulates
about the model of an atom:
(i) Only certain special orbits known as discrete
orbits of electrons, are allowed inside the atom.
(ii) While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons
do not radiate energy. These orbits or shells are
called energy levels.
(iii) These orbits or shells are represented by the
letters K, L, M, N, ... or the numbers, n = 1, 2, 3, 4,
...
Properties of Electrons, Protons and Neutrons
Neutrons:
 In 1932, J. Chadwick discovered another sub-atomic
particle which had no charge and a mass nearly equal to
that of a proton. It was named as Neutrons. In general
neutron is represented as ‘n’.
 Neutrons are present in the nucleus of all the atoms,
expect hydrogen.

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