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Operating System Structure and Operations - Unit 1 - Session2

The document outlines the course objectives and outcomes for an Operating Systems course, focusing on key concepts such as process management, scheduling algorithms, and memory management techniques. It covers topics like multiprogramming, multitasking, and operating system operations, including user and kernel modes. Additionally, it lists recommended textbooks for further reading on operating system concepts.

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8 views17 pages

Operating System Structure and Operations - Unit 1 - Session2

The document outlines the course objectives and outcomes for an Operating Systems course, focusing on key concepts such as process management, scheduling algorithms, and memory management techniques. It covers topics like multiprogramming, multitasking, and operating system operations, including user and kernel modes. Additionally, it lists recommended textbooks for further reading on operating system concepts.

Uploaded by

aberrationchromatic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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23ITT401

Operating System
Concepts
Dr.S.Ponni @ sathya, ASP/IT
Mrs.T.Sumathi, AP(SS)/IT
Course Outcome
Blooms Taxonomy
At the end of the course, the students will be able to:
Level
Apply Semaphores and monitors for classical real
1 world synchronization scenarios using operating Apply
system concepts

Analyze various process management scheduling


2 Analyze
algorithms for concurrently executing process.

Classify various scheduling algorithms in operating


3 Apply
systems for device management

Identify the various memory management techniques


4 Apply
to improve the utilization of the CPU.

23ITT401-Operating System concepts


Module I
Introduction: Operating system overview-objectives and
functions, Evolution of Operating System - Computer System
Organization Operating System Structure and Operations-
System Calls, System Programs, OS Generation and System Boot.
Computing Environments: Virtualization - Process Concept:
Process Scheduling: Scheduling Queues-Schedulers-Context
Switch– Operations on Processes – Inter-process
Communication - Threads: Multi-Threading Models – Threading
Issues.
CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria – Scheduling Algorithms:
FCFS, SJF, Priority, Round Robin– Multiple-Processor
Scheduling. Synchronization: Critical Section Problem.
Synchronization Hardware – Mutex - Locks-Semaphores –
Classic Problems of Synchronization.

23ITT401-Operating System concepts


UNIT I Overview of Operating System

CO1: Apply Semaphores and monitors for classical


real world synchronization scenarios using operating
system concepts

LO1: Describe about Overview of Operating System


SO2: Explain the structure of Operating System

23ITT401-Operating System concepts


Operating System Structure
• Multiprogramming (Batch system) needed for efficiency

• Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times
• Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has
one to execute

• A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory

• One job selected and run via job scheduling

• When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 5


Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed System

Job pool
Memory layout for a
multiprogramming
February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 6
Multiprogramming
• Multiprogrammed system provide on
environment in which the various system
resources( CPU, memory, I/O device) are utilized
efficiently, but they do not provide the user
interaction with the computer system

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 7


Multitasking

• Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension of multiprogramming.

• In time sharing system the CPU executes multiple jobs by switching

among them, but the CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can

interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive computing

• Response time should be < 1 second

• Each user has at least one program executing in memory process

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 8


Multitasking

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 9


• If several jobs ready to run at the same time  CPU scheduling

• If processes don’t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to

run

• Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in

memory

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 10


UNIT I Overview of Operating
System

CO1: Explain the structure of operating systems and


the concepts of the processes for process scheduling.
LO1: Describe about Overview of Operating System
SO3: Explain the Operating System operations

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 11


Operating-System Operations

• Interrupt driven (hardware and software)


• Hardware interrupt by one of the devices

• Software interrupt (exception or trap):


• Software error (e.g., division by zero)

• Request for operating system service

• Other process problems include infinite loop, processes


modifying each other or the operating system

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 12


Operating-System Operations (cont.)
• Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system components

• User mode and kernel mode

• Mode bit provided by hardware

• Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or


kernel code
• Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernel
mode
• System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user

• Increasingly CPUs support multi-mode operations

• i.e. virtual machine manager (VMM) mode for guest VMs

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 13


Transition from User to Kernel Mode
• Timer to prevent infinite loop / process controlling resources

• Timer is set to interrupt the computer after some time period

• Keep a counter that is decremented by the physical clock.

• Operating system set the counter (privileged instruction)

• When counter zero generate an interrupt

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 14


• Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate

program that exceeds allotted time

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 15


Text & Reference Books

Text Book(s):
1. Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne, “Operating System Concepts”,
9th Edition, Wiley India Edition, New Delhi 2018.
REFERENCES:
R1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, “Modern Operating Systems”, 4th
Edition, Pearson Education/PHI, New Delhi 2014
R2. Gary Nutt, “Operating Systems”, 3rd Edition, Pearson
Education, New Delhi, 2009.
R3. Harvey M. Deital, “Operating Systems”, 3rd Edition, Pearson
Education, New Delhi, 2009.

23ITT401-Operating System concepts


Thank You

February 14, 2025 19ITCN1401-Operating System -Unit 1 17

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