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Indirect FM Generation

The Armstrong method is an indirect technique for generating frequency modulation (FM) that utilizes a crystal oscillator for high frequency stability, making it suitable for communication and broadcast applications. It consists of two main parts: generating a narrow band FM wave using a phase modulator and then using frequency multipliers and mixers to achieve the desired frequency deviation. Additionally, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits are employed to enhance signal quality by boosting higher modulating frequencies at the transmitter and nullifying this effect at the receiver.

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20 views32 pages

Indirect FM Generation

The Armstrong method is an indirect technique for generating frequency modulation (FM) that utilizes a crystal oscillator for high frequency stability, making it suitable for communication and broadcast applications. It consists of two main parts: generating a narrow band FM wave using a phase modulator and then using frequency multipliers and mixers to achieve the desired frequency deviation. Additionally, pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits are employed to enhance signal quality by boosting higher modulating frequencies at the transmitter and nullifying this effect at the receiver.

Uploaded by

murtessaahmed9
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Armstrong Method for the Generation of FM

• In the direct methods of generation of FM, LC


oscillators are to be used. The crystal oscillator cannot
be used.
• The LC oscillators are not stable enough for the
communication or broadcast purpose. Thus, the direct
methods cannot be used for the broadcast applications.
• The alternative method is to use the indirect method
called as the Armstrong method of FM generation.
• In this method, the FM is obtained through phase
modulation. A crystal oscillator can be used hence the
frequency stability is very high and this method is
widely used in practice.
• Figure.1 shows the block diagram of the Armstrong
method.
Fig.1 : Armstrong Method for FM Generation

• The Armstrong method uses the phase modulator to


generate a frequency modulated wave.
Working Principle
• The working operation of this system can be divided
into two parts as follows:
 Part I: Generate a narrow band FM wave using a phase
modulator.

 Part II: Use the frequency multipliers and mixer to


obtain the required values of frequency deviation,
carrier and modulation index.
Part I: Generate a narrow band FM using Phase
Modulator
• As discussed earlier, we can generate FM using a
phase modulator.
• The modulating signal x(t) is passed through an
integrator before applying it to the phase modulator
as shown in figure 1.
• Let the narrow band FM wave produced at the output
of the phase modulator be represented by s1(t) i.e.,
where Vc1 is the amplitude and f1 is the frequency of the
carrier produced by the crystal oscillator.

• The phase angle Φ1(t) of s1(t) is related to x(t) as


follows:

where k1 represents the frequency sensitivity of the


modulator.
• Hence, the approximate expression for s1(t) can be
obtained as follows:

• After approximation, we get,

• Substituting,
• This expression represents a narrow band FM. Thus, at
the output of the phase modulator, we obtain a narrow
band FM wave.

Implementation of the Phase Modulator


• Figure.2 shows the block diagram of phase modulator
circuit.
E

Fig.2 : Phase Modulator Circuit


Working Principle
• The crystal oscillator produces a stable unmodulated
carrier which is applied to the 90° phase shifter as well
as the combining network through a buffer.
• The 90° phase shifter produces a 90° phase shifted
carrier. It is applied to the balanced modulator along
with the modulating signal.
• Thus, the carrier used for modulation is 90° shifted with
respect to the original carrier.
• At the output of the product modulator, we get DSB SC
• This signal consists of only two sidebands with their
resultant in phase with the 90° shifted carrier .

• The two sidebands and the original carrier without any


phase shift are applied to a combining network (∑).

• At the output of the combining network, we get the


resultant of vector addition of the carrier and two
sidebands as shown in figure 3.
Fig.3: Phasors explaining the generation of PM
• Now, as the modulation index is increased, the amplitude
of sidebands will also increase. Hence, the amplitude of
their resultant increases. This will increase the angle Φ
made by the resultant with unmodulated carrier.
• The angle Φ decreases with reduction in modulation
index as shown in figure 4.

Fig.4 : Effect of modulation index on frequency f


• Thus, the resultant at the output of the combining
network is phase modulated. Hence, the block diagram
of figure.2 operates as a phase modulator.
Part II: Use of Frequency Multipliers, Mixer and
Amplifier

• The FM signal produced at the output of phase


modulator has a low carrier frequency and low
modulation index.
• So both are increased to an adequately high value with
the help of frequency multipliers and mixer.
Example
Exercise
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
• Pre and de-emphasis circuits are used only in frequency
modulation.
• Pre-emphasis is used at transmitter and de-emphasis at
receiver.
1. Pre-emphasis
• In FM, the noise has a greater effect on the higher
modulating frequencies.
• This effect can be reduced by increasing the value of
modulation index (β), for higher modulating
frequencies.
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Continue
• This can be done by increasing the deviation ‘f’ and
‘f’ can be increased by increasing the amplitude of
modulating signal at higher frequencies.
Definition:
The artificial boosting of higher audio modulating
frequencies in accordance with prearranged response
curve is called pre-emphasis.
 Pre-emphasis circuit is a high pass filter as shown in Fig.
1
Fig. 1: Pre-emphasis Circuit
• As shown in Fig. 1, AF is passed through a high-pass
filter, before applying to FM modulator.
• As modulating frequency (fm) increases, capacitive
reactance decreases and modulating voltage goes on
increasing.
• fm Voltage of modulating signal applied to FM
modulator.
• Boosting is done according to pre-arranged curve as
shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2: P re-emphasis Curve
• The time constant of pre-emphasis is at 50 s in all CCIR
standards. Centre for Counseling Innovation and Research
• In systems employing American FM and TV standards,
networks having time constant of 75 sec are used. The
pre-emphasis is used at FM transmitter as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: FM Transmitter with Pre-emphasis


De-emphasis
• De-emphasis circuit is used at FM receiver.
Definition:
 The artificial boosting of higher modulating
frequencies in the process of pre-emphasis is nullified
at receiver by process called de-emphasis.
• De-emphasis circuit is a low pass filter
shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4: De-emphasis Circuit
Fig. 5: De-emphasis Curve

• As shown in Fig.5, de-modulated FM is applied to the


de-emphasis circuit (low pass filter) where with
increase in fm, capacitive reactance Xc decreases. So
that output of de-emphasis circuit also reduces.
• Fig. 5 shows the de-emphasis curve corresponding to a
time constant 50 s. A 50 s de-emphasis corresponds
to a frequency response curve that is 3 dB down at
frequency given by,
f = 1/ 2πRC
= 1/ 2π x 50x 1000
= 3180 Hz

• The de-emphasis circuit is used after the FM


demodulator at the FM receiver shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6: De-emphasis Circuit in FM Receiver


Comparison between Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
Parameter Pre-emphasis De-emphasis

1. Circuit used High pass filter. Low pass filter.

2. Circuit diagram

3. Response curve

4. Time constant
T = RC = 50 s T = RC = 50 s
5. Definition Boosting of higher Removal of higher
frequencies frequencies

6. Used at FM transmitter FM receiver.

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