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Linear Systems and Signals Lecture 3 4

Chapter 1 of 'Linear Systems and Signals' introduces key signal models such as unit step, exponential, ramp, and impulse functions, emphasizing their properties and applications in signal processing. It also discusses the classification of systems into linear and non-linear, time-invariant and time-varying, as well as instantaneous and dynamic systems, highlighting the importance of superposition and causality. The chapter includes practice questions to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

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12 views41 pages

Linear Systems and Signals Lecture 3 4

Chapter 1 of 'Linear Systems and Signals' introduces key signal models such as unit step, exponential, ramp, and impulse functions, emphasizing their properties and applications in signal processing. It also discusses the classification of systems into linear and non-linear, time-invariant and time-varying, as well as instantaneous and dynamic systems, highlighting the importance of superposition and causality. The chapter includes practice questions to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

Uploaded by

l236175
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linear Systems and

Signals
Chapter 1

Anything started from * represents a property which is important


for Viva questions and for industrial interview
1.4 SOME USEFUL • 1.4-1 Unit Step Function u(t)

SIGNAL MODELS

• U(t) is a causal Signal


1.4 SOME USEFUL SIGNAL MODELS
• Exponential Signals
Signals which increases or decreases exponentially with respect to time.
at
x(t) = c e
 Exponential Growing
at
x(t) = c e , a > 0 and c >0

 Exponential Decaying

x(t) = c eat , a < 0 and c >0

OR

-at
Practice Question # 1

Multiply
By

Unit step function u(t) Exponential Decaying Signal X(t) = C e−at

Answer: Exponential
Ce−at u(t)
* Conclusion: If we want a signal to start at t = 0 (so that it
has a value of zero for t < 0), we need only multiply the signal
by u(t)
Practice Question # 2 : Pulse Signal

Unit step function u(t)

Find the signal:

* Conclusion: A pulse x(t) can be expressed as the sum of the two


delayed unit step functions
Ramp Signal

For k= 1
K represents
slope
* Conclusion: If slope is 1 , then the ramp signal is unit ramp
signal.
Example 1.6: Relationship between Ramp and Unit Step
Example 1.6: Relationship between Ramp and Unit Step
Unit Impulse Function δ(t)

* Conclusion: A rectangular pulse with a width that has become


infinitesimally small, a height that has become infinitely large, an
overall area that has been maintained at unity and exist for only
Unit Impulse Function δ(t) Approximation

* Conclusion: The exponential, triangular, or Gaussian pulses,


may also be used in impulse approximation because they can
maintain unit area.
st
Exponential Function e
st
Exponential Function e

Note: Monotonic means always increasing or decreasing function.


st
Representations: Exponential Function e
Even and Odd Functions
Even and Odd Functions Properties
Even and Odd Functions Properties
Even and Odd Functions: Example 1.8
Even and Odd Functions: Practice Questions
 Find the even and odd components of each of the
following signals.
 x(t) = cos(t) + sin(t) + sin(t) cos(t)
Even and Odd Functions: Practice Questions
 Answer

Even: cos(t)
Odd: sin(t)[(1+ cos(t)]
Even and Odd Functions: Practice Questions
 Find the even and odd components of each of the
following signals.
 x(t) = 1 + t + 3t2 + 5t3 + 9t4
Even and Odd Functions: Practice Questions
 Answer

Even: 1 + 3t2 + 9 t4
Odd: t + 5t3
Even and Odd Functions: Practice Questions
 Find the even and odd components of each of the
following signals.
x(t) = 1 + tcos(t) + t2sint + t3 sin(t) cos(t)
Even and Odd Functions: Practice Questions
 Answer

Even: 1 + t3 sin(t) cos(t)


Odd: tcos(t) + t2 sin(t)
1.6 Systems
• System is a device or combination of devices, which can
operate on signals and produces corresponding response.
Input to a system is called as excitation and output from it
is called as response. For one or more inputs, the system
can have one or more outputs.
• For one orElectrical
Example: more inputs, the system can have one or more
System,
outputs.
Communication System.
1.6 Systems
• System is considered as “Black Box”.

• Major areas of study of system: mathematical modeling,


analysis, and design
1.6 Electrical Signal and System Response
1.6 Electrical Signal and System Response
1.7 Classification of Systems
1.7-1 Linear and Non-Linear System
 Linear System must
fulfill:
•Additivity Property
•Homogeneity
• Additivity Property
Property

• Scaling (Homogeneity)
Property
1.7-1 Linear and Non-Linear System

• Conclusion: Linear system must fulfill Superposition property.


Superposition property is a combination of Additivity and
homogeneity property.
Practice 1: Linear and Non-Linear System

• Do above example for homogeneity and suggest whether it


follows superposition property.
Practice 2: Linear and Non-Linear System
• The system is described by the equation:
2
y(t)= x (t)

• Check the above system is Linear or


Non-Linear
• Important Note: Do Example 1.9
Example 1.9: Linear and Non-Linear System
1.7-2: Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Systems
A system is said to be time invariant if a time delay or time
advance of the input signal leads to an identical time shift in the
output signal.
1.7-2: Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Systems
A system is said to be time invariant if a time delay or time
advance of the input signal leads to an identical time shift in the
output signal.
Example 1: Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Systems
Example 2: Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Systems
• Suggest that the system described by the equation below is
time invariant or time-varying
1.7-3 Instantaneous and Dynamic Systems
• A system is said to be Instantaneous (memoryless) if its output
signal depends only on the present value of the input signal.

• For example, a resistor is memoryless, since the current i(t)


flowing through it in response to the applied voltage v(t) is
defined by
1.7-3 Instantaneous and Dynamic Systems
• A system is said to be Dynamic (memory) if its output signal
depends on the past or future values of the input signal.

• For example, an inductor is memory, since the current i(t)


flowing through it in response to the applied voltage v(t) is
defined by
1.7-4 Causal and Noncausal Systems
• A system is said to be causal if the value of the output at the
present instant depends only on the past and present values of
the input x(t) and not on its future.

• Suggest whether the system define by the given equation is


causal or non causal:
1.7-4 Causal and Noncausal Systems

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