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Lecture 1 (1)

The document compares analog and digital systems, highlighting that analog is continuous while digital is discrete. It explains digital signals, their advantages and disadvantages, and introduces positive and negative logic systems. Additionally, it covers number systems, conversions between them, and provides practice questions for applying the concepts.

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dubeymolly4
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13 views

Lecture 1 (1)

The document compares analog and digital systems, highlighting that analog is continuous while digital is discrete. It explains digital signals, their advantages and disadvantages, and introduces positive and negative logic systems. Additionally, it covers number systems, conversions between them, and provides practice questions for applying the concepts.

Uploaded by

dubeymolly4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANALOG VS DIGITAL

• Analog - continuous in both value and time.

• Most natural quantities (such as temperature, pressure, light, intensity, etc..)

• Digital - discrete in both value and time.

• Discrete values are assigned at discrete time intervals.


ANALOG VS DIGITAL
DIGITAL SIGNAL

• Digital signals use discrete values, i.e. discrete 0 and 1, to represent the data and
information.

• Digital signal can only take on one of a finite number of values.

• To convert an analog signal into a digital signal, both its axis (x and y) are converted into
digital format.

• Sampling: done along the x-axis of signals that continuously differs with time.

• Quantization: continuous and time-varying values of analog signals are divided into
non-overlapping discrete and unique values assigned to each subrange.
DIGITAL SYSTEMS
• Characteristics of Digital systems

• Digital systems manipulate discrete elements of information.

• In digital systems, the signals have two discrete values and are therefore said to be binary.

• A signal in a digital system represents one binary digit called a bit. The bit has a value of either 0
or 1.

• Advantages of digital systems

• Ease of programmability

• Reduction in cost of hardware

• High speed and Reliability

• The result can be reproduced easily

• Design is easy
DIGITAL SYSTEMS
• Disadvantages of Digital Systems

• Use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus producing
more heat as well.

• Digital circuits are often fragile, in that if a single piece of digital data is lost or
misinterpreted the meaning of large blocks of related data can completely change.

• Digital computer manipulates discrete elements of information by means of a binary


code.

• Quantization error during analog signal sampling


POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE
LOGIC
• Positive logic system: the high value of the signal (voltage or current) is used to represent
logic 1 and the low value of the signal (voltage or current) is used to represent logic 0.

• Negative logic system: the high value of the signal (voltage or current) is used to represent
logic 0 and the low value of the signal (voltage or current) is used to represent logic 1.
NUMBER SYSTEMS
• The number system is a basis for counting various items.

• Computers communicate and operate with binary numbers which use only the digits 0 &1.

• The basic number system used by humans is the Decimal number system.

• For Ex: Let us consider the decimal number 18. This number is represented in binary as 10010.

• We observe that the binary number system takes more digits to represent the decimal number.

• For large numbers, we have to deal with very large binary strings. So this fact gave rise to
three new number systems.

I. Octal number systems

II. Hexa-Decimal number system

III. Binary Coded Decimal number(BCD) system


NUMBER SYSTEMS
• To define any number system we have to specify
• The base of the number system such as 2,8,10 or 16.
• The base decides the total number of digits available in that number system.
• The first digit in the number system is always zero,
• The last digit in the number system is always base-1.
NUMBER SYSTEMS
CONVERSIONS

• Decimal to binary
• (18)10 —> (10010)2
• (18.625)10 —>
(10010.101)2
•
Decimal to octal
• (1032)10 —> (2010)8
• (1032.6875)10 —>
(2010.54)8
• Decimal to hexadecimal
• (2020)10 —> (7E4)16
• (2020.65625)10 —>
(7E4.A8)16
CONVERSIONS

• Any base to decimal

• (10010.101)2
• (254.7014)8
• (AC.FBA5)16
• (0.1402)8
• (0.ABDF)16
CONVERSIONS

• Any base to decimal

• (10010.101)2 —> ( 18.625 )10


• (254.7014)8 —> ( 172.8778 )10
• (AC.FBA5)16—> ( 172.9829 )10
• (0.1402)8—> ( 0.188 )10
• (0.ABDF)16—> ( 0.6713 )10
CONVERSIONS

• Binary to Octal
• 010 001 100 101 111 —> 21457

• Octal to Binary
• 7 6 3 1 4 —> 111 110 011 001
100
•
Binary to hexadecimal
• 0100 0110 0101 1110 —> 4 6 5 E
•
Hexadecimal to binary
• 1 F 7 2 —> 0001 1111 0111
0010
Practice Questions:
1.Convert the decimal number 175 to binary.
2.Convert the binary number (101101)2 to decimal.

3.Convert the hexadecimal number (A3F)16 to decimal.


4.Convert the decimal number 255 to hexadecimal.
5.Convert the binary number 11001101 to octal.
6.Convert the octal number 765 to binary.
7.Convert the hexadecimal number 3C2 to binary.
8.Convert the binary number 1010101010 to hexadecimal.
9.Convert the decimal number 4096 to binary.
10.Convert the octal number 277 to decimal.

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