Chapter 1:

General Concepts and

Historical Events in
Science,
Technological, and
Society
Lesson 1: Intellectual Revolution
That Define Society
Lesson objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
• Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus,
Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of scientific
revolution; and
• Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various
parts of the world like Latin America, East Asia, Middle
East, and Africa.
Scientific Revolution
Science is as old as the world itself. There is no
individual that can exactly identify when and where science
began. From the genesis of time science has existed. It is
always interwoven with the society. So, how can science be
defined?

c
0 Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and
1 all available systematic explanations and observations
about the natural and physical world.

0 Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses

c

2 a systematic and practical study of the natural and

physical world. This process of study involves
systematic observation and experimentation.
 0
Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or
c

3
discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge
that deals with the process of learning about the
natural and physical world. This is what we refer to a
school science.

0
c

4 Science as a personal and social activity. This

explains that science is both knowledge and activities
done by a human being to develop better
understanding of the world around them. It is a means
to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven
with people’s lives.
 Human beings have embarked in scientific activities in order to know and
understand everything around them. They have persistently observed and studied the
natural and physical world in order to find meanings and seek answers to many questions.
The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16 th century
up to the 18th century in Europe; the invention of printing machine and the growing number
of scholars in various fields of human interests. Scientific revolution was the period of
enlightenment when the development in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. The ideas generated
during this period enabled people to reflect, rethink, and examine beliefs and their way of
life. There is no doubt that it ignited vast human interests to rethink how they do science
and view scientific processes.
 SCIENCE
IDEAS
Science revolution was the golden age of
people committed to scholarly life in science but
it was also a deeply trying moment to some
SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTIONS scientific individuals that led to their painful
death or condemnation from the religious
HUMANS SOCIETY

Figure 1. Influences to scientific revolution institutions who tried to preserve their faith,
religion, and theological views. Some rules and
religious leaders did not accept many of the early
works of scientists. But these did not stop people
especially scientists to satisfy their curiosity of
natural and physical world.
 Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
It is important to examine the different individuals whose ideas have shaken and contested the dominant
theories and ideas during this period-the truth of their time. Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their
curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to explore the physical and natural world. Their love in science is
driven by deep passion to know and to discover.

SCIENTISTS SCIENCE
Creativity IDEAS
Figure 2. Variables that
Passion to SCIENCE Influence the Development
Curiosity know DISCOVERIES of Science Ideas, Science
Discoveries, and
Technology
Critical Passion to TECHNOLOGY
Thinking discover

Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity. They are ordinary people doing extraordinary
things. Some scientists were never appreciated during their times, some were sentenced to death, while others were
condemned by the church during their time. In spite of all the predicaments and challenges they experienced, they
never stop experimenting, theorizing, and discovering new knowledge and ideas.
 Nicolaus
Copernicus
• One of the Renaissance men in field of
science.
• His ideas were an example of what is
presently called as thought experiment.
• Copernicus’s idea and model of the universe
was essentially complete in 1510.
• He circulated a summary of his idea to his
few close friends in a manuscript called
Commentariolus (Little Commentary).
 Charles Darwin

• Famous for his theory or revolution. He

changed our concept of the world’s creation
and its revolution.
• Johnson (2012) described Darwin as a
genius who came from a line of intellectually
gifted and wealthy family.
• Published his book The Origin of Species
in 1589.
 Sigmund Freud

• Famous figure in the field of philosophy.

• His significant contribution in scientific world
is through development of an important
observation method to gather reliable data to
study human’s inner life – method of
psychoanalysis.
• This method of psychoanalysis is a scientific
way to study the human mind and neurotic
illness.
 Cradles of Early Science
Development of Science in
Mesoamerica
• Maya Civilization – one of the famous civilization
lasted for approximately 2,000 years.
• Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial
bodies was advanced for their time, as evidence by
their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using
astrological cycles in planting and harvesting.
• Mayans are famous as one of the world’s first
civilizations to use a writing system called Mayan
hieroglyphics.
The Incas civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica, here
are the following were scientific ideas and tools that they
develop to help them everyday:
The Aztec Civilization has also made substantial contribution
to science and technology and to the society:

1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on

education; that is why their children are mandated to get
education regardless of their social class, gender, or age.
2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico develop chocolate
during their time.
3. Antispasmodic medication. They use this to prevent
muscle spams and relax muscles, which could help during
surgery.
4. Chinampa. Form of Aztec technology for agricultural
farming. AZTEC CALENDAR
5. Aztec calendar. Enable them to plan their activities,
rituals, and planting season.
6. Intention of the canoe. A light narrow boat use for
traveling in water systems.
 Development of Science in Asia

INDIA
CHINA
China is one of the ancient civilization with substantial
contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy,
science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and others.
MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES
Development of
Science in Africa
Lesson 2: Science,
Technology, and
Nation-Building
 Government Policies on Science
and Technology

The Philippine government introduced and

implement several programs, projects, and policies
to boost the area of science and technology. The
goal is to prepare the whole country and its people
to meet the demands of a technologically driven
world and capacitate the people to live in a world
driven by science.
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Sciences
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba – for his outstanding research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes.
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso – for his work on observing the characteristics of Antarctica by using
satellite images.
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. – known internationally in the field of electrical engineering; was elected as
officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz – notable for her research on sea snail venom.
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit – for his research on herbal medicine.
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III – for his research on tilapia culture.
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. – for inventing the meconium drugs testing.
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – for doing research on plant biotechnology.
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz – for being an outstanding educator and graph theorist.
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – for his research in the field of communications technology.
There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are recognized here and
abroad for their outstanding contribution in science:

• Caesar A. Saloma – an internationally renowned physicist.

• Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine science.
• William Padolina – chemistry and president of National Academy of Science
and Technology(NAST)-Philippines.
• Angel Alcala – marine science
Lesson 3: Science Education in
the Philippines
The Concept of Science Education
• Focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding
science.
• Exploring pedagogical theories and models in helping
teachers tech scientific concepts.
• Helping students to understand and love science.
• Implies developing and applying science-process skills
and using science literacy in understanding in natural
world.
• Stressed the importance of utilizing the natural
environment to teach students.
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education
In Basic education, science education helps students learn important
concepts and facts that are related to everyday life including important skills such as
process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills that are needed in coping up with daily
life activities. It also develops positive attitude such as; the love for knowledge, passion
for innovative things, curiosity to study about nature, and creativity.
In Tertiary education, science education deals with developing students’
understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific works. It also focuses on
the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and other professionals in
various science-related fields such as medicine, agriculture and health sciences.
Philippine Science High School
System (PSHSS)

• Government program for gifted students in Philippines.

• It is a service institute of the DOST whose mandate is
to offer free scholarship basis for secondary course
with special emphasis on subjects pertaining to the
sciences with the end-view of preparing students for a
science career.
• They have brought honor to the Philippines through
their exemplary achievements in various international
competitions and research circles.
Special Science Elementary Schools
(SSES) Project

• Aims to develop Filipino children equipped with

scientific and technological knowledge and skills.
• Its mission is to provide a learning environment to
science-inclined children through a special curriculum
that recognizes the multiple intelligences of the
learners.
• Foster the holistic development of the learners.
• Promote the development of lifelong learning skills.
Quezon City Regional Science High
School

• Established on September 17,1967. originally named

Quezon City Science High School. It was turned into a
regional high school for the National Capitol Region in
1999.
• The school was product of a dream to establish a
special science school for talented students in science
and mathematics.
• The school is under the Department of Education.
Manila Science High School

• The school was established on October 1, 1963.

• First science high school in the Philippines.
• Its aim is to produce scientists with souls. In order to do
this, humanities courses and other electives are
included in their curriculum.
• The school prides itself from producing outstanding
alumni and for winning various national competitions.
Central Visayan Institute Foundation

• It is the home and pioneer of the prominent school-

based innovation known as the Dynamic Learning
Program (DPL).
• The DPL is a synthesis of classical and modern
pedagogical theories adopted to foster the highest
level of learning, creativity, and productivity.
• The school takes pride in its Research Center for
Theoretical Physics (RCTP) established in 1992.
 Lesson 4:
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Indigenous Knowledge System
Indigenous knowledge is embedded in
the daily life experiences of young
children as they grow up. They live and
grow in a society where the members of
the community prominently practice
indigenous knowledge.
 Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught in
practiced by indigenous people are:

• Predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in

observing animals’ behaviour and celestial bodies;
• Using herbal medicines and preserving foods;
• Classifying plants and animals into families and groups based on
cultural properties;
• Keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the yard;
• Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits;
• Building local irrigation system;
• Using indigenous technology in daily lives;
• Preserving and selecting good seeds for plating.
Indigenous Science
• It is a part of the indigenous knowledge system practiced by
different groups of people and early civilizations. It includes
complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices, and
representations that guide human societies in their enumerable
interactions with natural milieu: agriculture, medicine, naming
and explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with
changing environments (Pawilen, 2005).
• Ogawa (1995) claimed that it is collectively live in and
experienced by the people of a given culture.
• According to Cajete(2004), indigenous science includes everything from
metaphysics, philosophy, and various practical technologies practiced by indigenous
peoples both past and present.
• Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant to scientific
attitudes as identified by Johnson (2000):
 Motivating attitudes
 Cooperating attitudes
 Practical attitudes
 Reflective attitudes
• Pawilen (2005) explained that indigenous science knowledge has developed diverse
structures and contents through the interplay between the society and the
environment.
Pawilen (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding
indigenous science.
The Concept of Indigenous Science

INDIGENOUS
SCIENCE

Science Community
Traditional
Process Culture and
Knowledge
Skills Values
uses guided by composed of
 Indigenous Science is important in the development of science
and technology and in the Philippines. Like the ancient civilization,
indigenous science give birth to the development of science and
technology as a field and as a discipline. Indigenous science helped
the people in understanding the natural environment and in
coping with everyday life.