Fundamentals of Computing Course

Code: CSEBl105T / CSEB1205T

 SECTIONA
• Computer Fundamentals: Block structure of a computer and
• Functional Units of Computer System: CPU, registers, system
bus, main memory unit, cache memory,
• Introduction to latest Processors and Motherboards.
• Definitions of Memory Types: Magnetic core, RAM, Dynamic
RAM, Static RAM, Flash memory, ROM, BIOS/ Firmware,
Secondary, Cache.
• Working of storage devices: Construction and structure of
Hard disk.
• Printers: Types of printers and working of Laser Printer and
3D printer.
Computer Fundamentals
 What is a Computer
• Computer is an advanced electronic device
that takes raw data as input from the user and
processes these data under the control of set
of instructions (called program) and gives the
result (output) and saves output for the future
use.
• It can process both numerical and non-
numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations
 Types of Computers
• Personal computers: - This is the most common type found in homes,
schools, Business offices etc., It is the most common type of desk top
computers with processing and storage units along with various input and
output devices.
• Note book computers: - These are compact and portable versions of PC
• Work stations: - These have high resolution input/output (I/O) graphics
capability, but with same dimensions as that of desktop computer. These
are used in engineering applications of interactive design work.
• Enterprise systems: - These are used for business data processing in
medium to large corporations that require much more computing power
and storage capacity than work stations. Internet associated with servers
have become a dominant worldwide source of all types of information.
• Super computers: - These are used for large scale numerical calculations
required in the applications like weather forecasting etc.,
 A computer has four functions:

a. accepts data Input

b. processes data Processing
c. produces output Output
d. stores results Storage
• Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a
computer from the input devices. It is the collection of
letters, numbers, images etc.
• Process: Process is the operation of data as per given
instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer
system.
• Output: Output is the processed data given by computer
after data processing. Output is also called as Result.
• We can save these results in the storage devices for the
future use.
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICE
Processor : Central Processing Unit
The main unit inside the computer is the CPU. This unit is responsible for all
events inside the computer.
It controls all internal and external devices, performs arithmetic and logic
operations.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the device that interprets and executes
instructions.
OUTPUT DEVICES
 Computer System
• All of the components of a computer system can
be summarized as:

COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE +SOFTWARE

+USER
 Hardware
Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral
Devices
All physical parts of the computer (or
everything that we can touch) are known as
Hardware.
Hardware
 Software
• Software, simply are the computer programs.
• The instructions given to the computer in the
form of a program is called Software.
• Software is the set of programs, which are
used for different purposes.
• All the programs used in computer to perform
specific task is called Software.
 Types of Software
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Computer Language and Scripting
 System Software
• Operating System Software DOS, Windows XP,
Windows Vista, Unix/Linux, MAC/OS X etc.
– Utility Software Windows Explorer (File/Folder
Management), Windows Media Player, AntiVirus
Utilities, Disk Defragmentation, Disk Clean,
BackUp, WinZip, WinRAR etc…
 Application Software
• Package Software: Ms. Office 2003, Ms.
Office 2007, Macromedia (Dreamweaver,
Flash, Freehand), Adobe (PageMaker,
PhotoShop)
• Tailored or Custom Software : SAGE
(Accounting),Tally, Galileo/Worldspan (Travel)
etc.
 Computer Languages & Scripting
Low Level Language
i) Machine Level Language
ii) Assembly Language

Machine language: These language instructions are

directly executed by CPU
Assembly language: The endeavor of giving machine
language instructions a name structure that means bit
strings of instructions of machine language are given
name here
High Level Language: The user friendly
language ...more natural language than
assembly language.
Assembler is needed to convert assembly
language into machine language
Complier is needed to convert high level to
machine language
• High Level Language: COBOL (COmmon Business
Oriented Language), FORTRAN (FORmula
TRANslation), BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code), C, C++ etc. are the
examples of High Level Language.
 FUNCTIONAL UNIT
• A computer consists of five functionally
independent main parts
– input,
– memory,
– arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
– output and
– control unit.
• Input device accepts the coded information as source
program i.e. high level language.
• This is either stored in the memory or immediately used
by the processor to perform the desired operations.
• The program stored in the memory determines the
processing steps.
• Basically the computer converts one source program to
an object program. i.e. into machine language.
• Finally the results are sent to the outside world through
output device.
• All of these actions are coordinated by the control unit.