MODULE

Data Analytics
: It is the process of examining and interpreting data to
extract valuable insights and make informed
decisions.

: It involves the use of various techniques, tools, and

technologies to analyze and manipulate data in order to
discover patterns, trends, correlations, and other useful
information.
• Data analytics plays a crucial role in modern business,
science, and many other fields, as it enables
organizations and individuals to leverage data for
better decision-making, problem-solving, and
planning.
 Types of Data Analytics

Each type of data analytics serves a unique purpose and

can be applied in various domains to extract valuable
insights and drive better decision-making. The choice of
which type to use depends on the specific goals and
requirements of the analysis.
1. Descriptive Analytics:
- It is the most basic form of data analysis. It involves summarizing historical data to
provide a clear picture of past events and trends. This type of analytics helps in
understanding what has happened, often through visualization techniques such as
charts, graphs, and dashboards. Descriptive analytics is useful for reporting and
providing context.

2. Diagnostic Analytics:
- It goes a step further by examining historical data to understand why certain events
or trends occurred. It aims to identify the root causes of specific outcomes or issues. This
type of analysis is valuable for troubleshooting problems and optimizing processes.
3.Predictive Analytics:
- It uses historical data and statistical algorithms to forecast future outcomes or
trends. It helps organizations make informed decisions by providing insights into
potential future scenarios. Common applications include sales forecasting, demand
prediction, and risk assessment.

4. Prescriptive Analytics:
- It builds upon predictive analytics and suggests a course of action to achieve a
desired outcome. It not only predicts future events but also provides
recommendations for making the best decisions to optimize results. Prescriptive
analytics is used in areas like supply chain optimization, healthcare treatment
planning, and financial portfolio management.
5. Exploratory Analytics:
- It is an open-ended approach used to investigate data for patterns and relationships.
It is often used when the dataset is large or complex and the goal is to gain initial
insights. Visualization tools and statistical techniques are commonly used in
exploratory analytics to uncover hidden patterns and anomalies.

6. Text Analytics:
- It focuses on analyzing unstructured text data, such as customer reviews, social
media posts, emails, and documents. Natural language processing (NLP) techniques
are used to extract insights from text, including sentiment analysis, topic modeling,
and information extraction.
7. SpatialAnalytics:
- It deals with geographic or location-based data. It involves analyzing data
that has a spatial component, such as maps, GPS coordinates, and geographic
information systems (GIS). Spatial analytics is used in urban planning,
environmental monitoring, and location-based marketing.

8. Streaming Analytics:
- Streaming analytics processes and analyzes data in real-time as it is
generated. This is crucial for applications like fraud detection, IoT (Internet of
Things) data analysis, and monitoring network performance.
9. SocialMedia Analytics:
- It focuses on data from social media platforms. It helps businesses
understand customer sentiment, track brand mentions, and assess the impact
of social media campaigns.

10. Web Analytics:

- It involves the analysis of website and online user behavior data. It helps
website owners optimize their web presence by understanding user
interactions, traffic sources, and conversion rates.
 DATA, DATA SOURCES, AND DATA TYPES

In the field of data science and analytics, data is the fundamental building block
upon which all analysis and insights are based. Understanding data, its sources,
and its types is crucial for any data science practitioner.
 DATA

Data refers to raw facts, information, or observations that are typically

collected and stored in a structured or unstructured format. Data can come in
various forms, and it is the primary input for any data analysis process.

1. Structured vs. Unstructured Data:

Data can be categorized into structured and unstructured forms.
- Structured data is organized and follows a predefined format, often stored
in databases or spreadsheets.
- Unstructured data lacks a specific structure and includes text, images,
videos, and more.
2. Big Data:

With the advent of technology and the internet, organizations now have
access to vast amounts of data, often referred to as "big data." Big data
is characterized by its volume, velocity, variety, and veracity.
Managing and analyzing big data require specialized tools and
techniques.
3. Data Quality:

The quality of data is crucial for accurate analysis. Data may contain
errors, duplicates, or inconsistencies, which can lead to incorrect
conclusions. Data cleansing and data quality assessment are essential
steps in data preparation.
 DATA SOURCES:

Data can be collected from a wide range of sources, and the choice of data sources depends on
the specific goals of the analysis. Some common data sources in data science analytics include:

1. Internal Data:

• Data generated and collected within an organization, such as sales records, customer data,
employee information, and transaction logs.

2. External Data:

• Data obtained from sources outside the organization, including publicly available data,
market research reports, government datasets, and social media data.
3. Sensor Data:

• In the context of IoT (Internet of Things), data from sensors and devices, such as
temperature sensors, GPS devices, and wearable fitness trackers, can provide
valuable insights.

4. Web Scraping:

• Web scraping involves extracting data from websites and online sources. It is
commonly used to gather data for text analytics, price monitoring, and
competitive analysis.
5. Surveys and Questionnaires:

• Organizations often collect data through surveys and questionnaires to gather feedback,
preferences, and opinions from customers or respondents.

6. Social Media:

• Social media platforms generate vast amounts of user-generated content that can be analyzed for
sentiment analysis, trend identification, and customer insights.

7. Machine-generated Data:

• Data generated by automated processes, such as log files, system metrics, and event logs, is used for
monitoring and troubleshooting.
 DATA TYPES:

• Data can be categorized into various types based on its nature and characteristics.
Understanding data types is essential for selecting appropriate analysis methods and
tools. Common data types include:

1. Numerical Data:

• Numerical data consists of numbers and can be further categorized as:

- Continuous: Data that can take any value within a range, such as temperature or
age.
- Discrete: Data that can only take specific, distinct values, such as the number of
employees or items
sold.
2. Categorical Data:

• Categorical data represents categories or labels and is often used to group data
into distinct classes, such as colors, product categories, or customer segments.

3. Text Data:

• Text data includes unstructured textual information and is commonly analyzed

using natural language processing (NLP) techniques for sentiment analysis, topic
modeling, and text classification.
4. Time Series Data:
• Time series data is collected at regular time intervals and is used to analyze trends
and patterns over time, such as stock prices, weather data, or website traffic.

5. Spatial Data:
• Spatial data includes information with a geographic or spatial component, such as
latitude and longitude coordinates or GIS (Geographic Information System) data.

6. Binary Data:
• Binary data consists of only two possible values, often represented as 0 and 1, and
is used in various contexts, including machine learning classification problems.
 DATA ANALYTICS PROCESS
• The data analytic process is a systematic approach used in data science analytics
to transform raw data into valuable insights and knowledge. It involves a series of
steps that guide analysts and data scientists from data collection to the generation
of actionable conclusions. The specific stages in the data analytic process may vary
depending on the project, but they generally include the following key steps:

1. Problem Definition and Planning:

- The process begins with understanding the business problem or research question
that needs to be addressed. This step involves defining the objectives of the analysis,
identifying key stakeholders, and planning the scope and resources required for the
project.
2 . Data Collection:

• - Data collection is the process of gathering relevant data from various sources,
including internal databases, external datasets, surveys, or sensors. It is crucial to
ensure that the data collected is of high quality and relevant to the analysis.

3. Data Preprocessing:

• - Raw data often requires cleaning and preprocessing to address issues such as
missing values, outliers, and inconsistencies. Data preprocessing tasks may include
data cleaning, data transformation, and feature engineering to prepare the data for
analysis.
4. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA):

• - EDA involves the initial exploration of the dataset to gain insights into its
characteristics. This step includes summary statistics, data visualization, and
hypothesis testing to identify patterns, trends, and relationships within the data.

5. Data Modeling and Analysis:

• - In this phase, various statistical and machine learning techniques are applied to
the preprocessed data. The choice of models and algorithms depends on the nature of
the data and the goals of the analysis. Common techniques include regression
analysis, classification, clustering, and time series analysis.
6. Model Evaluation and Validation:

- Once models are built, they need to be evaluated to assess their performance and
validity. This involves using metrics and cross-validation techniques to determine
how well the models generalize to new data.

7. Interpretation and Insights:

- After analysis, the results are interpreted to derive actionable insights and
answer the initial research questions or address the business problem.
Visualizations and clear communication of findings are crucial in this step.
8. Decision Making:

- The insights gained from the analysis are used to inform decision-making
processes. Data-driven recommendations and strategies are developed based on
the findings.

9. Deployment and Implementation:

- If the analysis leads to actionable strategies or solutions, they are deployed and
implemented within the organization or research context. This step may involve
collaboration with other teams or departments.
10. Monitoring and Maintenance:

- After deployment, it is important to continuously monitor the performance of

any implemented solutions or models. Updates and adjustments may be required
to adapt to changing conditions or new data.

11. Documentation:

- Throughout the entire data analytic process, documentation is essential.

Keeping records of data sources, preprocessing steps, model configurations, and
results ensures transparency and reproducibility.
12 . Feedback Loop:

- Data analytics is an iterative process. Feedback from stakeholders and ongoing

analysis can lead to refinements and improvements in subsequent iterations of the
process.

13. Communication and Reporting:

- Effective communication of the analysis results is crucial. Reports, presentations, and

visualizations should be created to convey insights to both technical and non-technical
stakeholders.
 Discuss
Jamovi: DESCRIPTIVES
 Main Parts of Excel

1. Workb
ook
•Definition :
A file that contains one or more worksheets.
•File Extension: Typically saved with a .xlsx extension.
Worksheet
Definition: A single page within a workbook, where data
is entered and manipulated.
Structure: Composed of rows and columns.
• Cells
Definition: The intersection of a row and a column, where
data is entered.
Addressing: Each cell is identified by its column letter
and row number (e.g., A1, B2).
• Rows and Columns
Rows: Horizontal lines of cells, numbered from 1 to 1,048,576.
Columns: Vertical lines of cells, labeled with letters from A to Z,
then AA to ZZ, and so on.
• The Ribbon
Definition: The toolbar at the top of the Excel window that
contains tabs and commands.
Tabs: Includes Home, Insert, Page Layout, Formulas, Data,
Review, and View.
Groups: Each tab contains groups of related commands (e.g.,
Font, Alignment, Number).
• Quick Access Toolbar
Definition: A customizable toolbar that provides easy
access to frequently used commands.
Location: Typically located above the Ribbon.
• Formula Bar
Definition: Displays the contents of the currently selected
cell and allows for editing.
Functionality: You can enter or edit formulas and text
here.
• Status Bar
Definition: Located at the bottom of the Excel window, it
provides information about the current worksheet.
Features: Displays information like the average, count,
and sum of selected cells, as well as the zoom slider.
• Sheet Tabs
Definition: Located at the bottom of the workbook, these
tabs allow you to navigate between different worksheets.
Functionality: You can rename, add, or delete sheets from
here.
• Scroll Bars
Definition: Vertical and horizontal bars that allow you to
navigate through the worksheet.
Functionality: Useful for moving through large datasets.
• Gridlines
Definition: The faint lines that separate cells in the
worksheet.
Functionality: Help in visually organizing data.
• Contextual Menus
Definition: Menus that appear when you right-click on a
cell or object.
Functionality: Provide quick access to relevant
commands based on the selected item.
• Task Pane
Definition: A side panel that provides additional options
and tools (e.g., Format Cells, PivotTable).
Functionality: Can be opened for specific tasks, such as
inserting charts or managing data.
• Zoom Slider
Definition: A slider located on the Status Bar that allows
you to zoom in and out of the worksheet.
Functionality: Helps in viewing data more clearly.
• Help Feature
Definition: Accessed via the F1 key or the "Tell Me"
search bar.
Functionality: Provides assistance and tutorials for using
Excel features.