UNIT 1

CLOUD COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS

• Nowadays, Cloud computing is adopted by every company, whether
it is an MNC or a startup many are still migrating towards it because
of the cost-cutting, lesser maintenance, and the increased capacity of
the data with the help of servers maintained by the cloud providers.
• One more reason for this drastic change from the On-premises servers
of the companies to the Cloud providers is the ‘Pay as you go’
principle-based services provided by them i.e., you only have to pay
for the service which you are using.
• Cloud Computing means storing and accessing the data and programs
on remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the
computer’s hard drive or local server.
• Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is
a technology where the resource is provided as a service through the
Internet to the user.
• The data that is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other
storable document.
The following are some of the Operations that can be performed with
Cloud Computing
• Storage, backup, and recovery of data
• Delivery of software on demand
• Development of new applications and services
• Streaming videos and audio
Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• Scalability: With Cloud hosting, it is easy to grow and shrink the number
and size of servers based on the need. This is done by either increasing or
decreasing the resources in the cloud. This ability to alter plans due to
fluctuations in business size and needs is a superb benefit of cloud
computing, especially when experiencing a sudden growth in demand.
• Save Money: An advantage of cloud computing is the reduction in
hardware costs. Instead of purchasing in-house equipment, hardware needs
are left to the vendor. For companies that are growing rapidly, new
hardware can be large, expensive, and inconvenient. Cloud computing
alleviates these issues because resources can be acquired quickly and
easily.
Even better, the cost of repairing or replacing equipment is passed to the
vendors. Along with purchase costs, off-site hardware cuts internal power
costs and saves space. Large data centers can take up precious office space
and produce a large amount of heat. Moving to cloud applications or storage
can help maximize space and significantly cut energy expenditures.
Reliability: Rather than being hosted on one single instance of a physical
server, hosting is delivered on a virtual partition that draws its resource,
such as disk space, from an extensive network of underlying physical
servers. If one server goes offline it will have no effect on availability, as the
virtual servers will continue to pull resources from the remaining network of
servers.
• Physical Security: The underlying physical servers are still housed
within data centers and so benefit from the security measures that
those facilities implement to prevent people from accessing or
disrupting them on-site.
• Outsource Management: When you are managing the business,
Someone else manages your computing infrastructure. You do not
need to worry about management as well as degradation.
History of Cloud Computing
Before Computing was come into existence, client Server Architecture
was used where all the data and control of client resides in Server side.
If a single user want to access some data, firstly user need to connect to
the server and after that user will get appropriate access.
But it has many disadvantages.
So, After Client Server computing, Distributed Computing was come
into existence, in this type of computing all computers are networked
together with the help of this, user can share their resources when
needed. It also has certain limitations. So in order to remove limitations
faced in distributed system, cloud computing was emerged.
• During 1961, John MacCharty delivered his speech at MIT that
“Computing Can be sold as a Utility, like Water and Electricity.”
According to John MacCharty it was a brilliant idea. But people at that
time don’t want to adopt this technology. They thought the technology
they are using efficient enough for them. So, this concept of
computing was not appreciated much so and very less will research on
it. But as the time fleet the technology caught the idea after few years
this idea is implemented. So, this is implemented by Salesforce.com in
1999.
• This company started delivering an enterprise application over the
internet and this way the boom of Cloud Computing was started.
• In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services (AWS), Amazon will
provide storage, computation over the internet. In 2006 Amazon launched
Elastic Compute Cloud Commercial Service which is open for Everybody
to use.

• After that in 2009, Google Play also started providing Cloud Computing
Enterprise Application as other companies will see the emergence of
cloud Computing they also started providing their cloud services. Thus, in
2009, Microsoft launch Microsoft Azure and after that other companies
like Alibaba, IBM, Oracle, HP also introduces their Cloud Services. In
today the Cloud Computing become very popular and important skill.
NEED FOR CLOUD COMPUTING
Reduces cost
• The cost-cutting ability of businesses that utilize cloud computing over time
is one of the main advantages of this technology. On average 15% of the
total cost can be saved by companies if they migrate to the cloud. By the use
of cloud servers businesses will save and reduce costs with no need to
employ a staff of technical support personnel to address server issues.
More storage
• For software and applications to execute as quickly and efficiently as
possible, it provides more servers, storage space, and computing power.
Many tools are available for cloud storage such as Dropbox, Onedrive,
Google Drive, iCloud Drive, etc.
Employees Better Work Life Balance
• Direct connections between cloud computing benefits, and the work
and personal lives of an enterprise’s workers can both improve
because of cloud computing. Even on holidays, the employees have to
work with the server for its security, maintenance, and proper
functionality. But with cloud storage the thing is not the same,
employees get ample of time for their personal life and the workload is
even less comparatively.
Advantages of Cloud Computing

• Cost Efficiency: Cloud Computing provides flexible pricing to the

users with the principal pay-as-you-go model. It helps in lessening
capital expenditures of Infrastructure, particularly for small and
medium-sized businesses companies.
• Flexibility and Scalability: Cloud services facilitate the scaling of
resources based on demand. It ensures the efficiency of businesses in
handling various workloads without the need for large amounts of
investments in hardware during the periods of low demand.
• Collaboration and Accessibility: Cloud computing provides easy
access to data and applications from anywhere over the internet. This
encourages collaborative team participation from different locations
through shared documents and projects in real-time resulting in quality
and productive outputs.
• Automatic Maintenance and Updates: AWS Cloud takes care of the
infrastructure management and keeping with the latest software
automatically making updates in new versions. Through this, AWS
guarantee the companies always having access to the newest
technologies to focus completely on business operations and
innvoations.
Disadvantages Of Cloud
Computing
• Security Concerns: Storing of sensitive data on external servers
raised more security concerns which is one of the main drawbacks of
cloud computing.
• Downtime and Reliability: Even though cloud services are usually
dependable, they may also have unexpected interruptions and
downtimes. These might be raised because of server problems,
Network issues or maintenance disruptions in Cloud providers which
negative effect on business operations, creating issues for users
accessing their apps.
• Dependency on Internet Connectivity: Cloud computing services heavily
rely on Internet connectivity. For accessing the cloud resources the users
should have a stable and high-speed internet connection for accessing and
using cloud resources. In regions with limited internet connectivity, users
may face challenges in accessing their data and applications.
• Cost Management Complexity: The main benefit of cloud services is their
pricing model that coming with Pay as you go but it also leads to cost
management complexities. On without proper careful monitoring and
utilization of resources optimization, Organizations may end up with
unexpected costs as per their use scale. Understanding and Controlled usage
of cloud services requires ongoing attention.
Types of Cloud Computing
SaaS (software as a service)
• Collaboration And Accessibility: Software as a Service (SaaS) helps users
to easily access applications without having the requirement of local
installations. It is fully managed by the AWS Software working as a service
over the internet encouraging effortless cooperation and ease of access.
• Automation of Updates: SaaS providers manage the handling of software
maintenance with automatic latest updates ensuring users gain experience
with the latest features and security patches.
• Cost Efficiency: SaaS acts as a cost-effective solution by reducing the
overhead of IT support by eliminating the need for individual software
licenses.
Platform as a Service ( PaaS )
• Simplifying the Development: Platform as a Service offers application
development by keeping the underlying Infrastructure as an Abstraction. It
helps the developers to completely focus on application logic ( Code ) and
background operations are completely managed by the AWS platform.
• Enhancing Efficiency and Productivity: PaaS lowers the Management of
Infrastructure complexity, speeding up the Execution time and bringing the
updates quickly to market by streamlining the development process.
• Automation of Scaling: Management of resource scaling, guaranteeing the
program’s workload efficiency is ensured by PaaS.
Infrastructure as a Service ( IaaS )
• Flexibility and Control: IaaS comes up with providing virtualized
computing resources such as VMs, Storage, and networks facilitating
users with control over the Operating system and applications.
• Reducing Expenses of Hardware: IaaS provides business cost
savings with the elimination of physical infrastructure investments
making it cost-effective.
• Scalability of Resources: The cloud provides in scaling of hardware
resources up or down as per demand facilitating optimal performance
with cost efficiency.
Cloud Deployment Models
Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a
deployment architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want to
store and who has access to the infrastructure.
Public Cloud
• The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access
systems and services.
• The public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone.
• The public cloud is one in which cloud infrastructure services
are provided over the internet to the general people or major
industry groups.
• The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity
that delivers the cloud services, not by the consumer.
• It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and
users to easily access systems and services. This form
of cloud computing is an excellent example of cloud
hosting, in which service providers supply services to a
variety of customers.
• In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval
services are given for free, as a subscription, or on a
per-user basis.
Advantages of the Public Cloud Model
• Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no substantial
upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require immediate access to
resources.
• No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud service
providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
• Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does not
necessitate infrastructure management.
• No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (not users).
• Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources are
accessible.
Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model
• Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so
there is no guarantee of high-level security.
• Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be
customized according to personal requirements.
Private Cloud
• The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public
cloud deployment model. It’s a one-on-one environment for a single user
(customer).
• There is no need to share your hardware with anyone else. The distinction
between private and public clouds is in how you handle all of the
hardware.
• It is also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the ability to access
systems and services within a given border or organization.
• The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-based secure environment
that is protected by powerful firewalls and under the supervision of an
organization’s IT department.
• The private cloud gives greater flexibility of control over cloud resources.
Advantages of the Private Cloud Model
• Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain
complete command over service integration, IT operations, policies,
and user behavior.
• Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate
information to which only authorized staff have access. By
segmenting resources within the same infrastructure, improved
access and security can be achieved.
• Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work
with legacy systems that are unable to access the public cloud.
• Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud
allows a company to tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model
• Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a
certain range as there is less number of clients.
• Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide
personalized facilities.
 Hybrid Cloud
• By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of
proprietary software, hybrid cloud computing gives the
best of both worlds. With a hybrid solution, you may
host the app in a safe environment while taking
advantage of the public cloud’s cost savings.
Organizations can move data and applications between
different clouds using a combination of two or more
cloud deployment methods, depending on their needs.
Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
• Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design
personalized solutions that meet their particular needs.
• Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be responsible
for paying for the extra capacity if you require it.
• Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data theft by
attackers are considerably reduced.

Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

• Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a
combination of both public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
• Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud takes
place through the public cloud so latency occurs.
Community Cloud
• It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of
organizations. It is a distributed system that is created by
integrating the services of different clouds to address the
specific needs of a community, industry, or business.
• The infrastructure of the community could be shared
between the organization which has shared concerns or
tasks.
• It is generally managed by a third party or by the
combination of one or more organizations in the community.
Advantages of the Community Cloud Model
• Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is
shared by multiple organizations or communities.
• Security: Community cloud provides better security.
• Shared resources: It allows you to share resources,
infrastructure, etc. with multiple organizations.
• Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for
both collaboration and data sharing.
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
• Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less
scalable as many organizations share the same
resources according to their collaborative interests.
• Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are
shared among different organizations according to their
mutual interests if an organization wants some changes
according to their needs they cannot do so because it
will have an impact on other organizations.