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StewartCalcET8 - 01 - 03 New Functions From Old Functions

The document discusses transformations of functions, including translations, stretching, reflecting, and absolute value transformations, which help in sketching graphs and writing equations. It also covers combinations of functions through addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition, explaining how to determine their domains. Examples illustrate how to apply these transformations and combinations to specific functions.

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15 views21 pages

StewartCalcET8 - 01 - 03 New Functions From Old Functions

The document discusses transformations of functions, including translations, stretching, reflecting, and absolute value transformations, which help in sketching graphs and writing equations. It also covers combinations of functions through addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition, explaining how to determine their domains. Examples illustrate how to apply these transformations and combinations to specific functions.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1 Functions and Models

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


New Functions from
1.3 Old Functions

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


Transformations of Functions

3
Transformations of Functions
By applying certain transformations to the graph of a given
function we can obtain the graphs of related functions.

This will give us the ability to sketch the graphs of many


functions quickly by hand. It will also enable us to write
equations for given graphs.

Let’s first consider translations. If c is a positive number,


then the graph of y = f (x) + c is just the graph of y = f (x)
shifted upward a distance of c units (because each
y-coordinate is increased by the same number c).

4
Transformations of Functions
Likewise, if g(x) = f (x – c), where c > 0, then the value of
g at x is the same as the value of f at x – c (c units to the
left of x).

Therefore the graph of


y = f (x – c) is just the
graph of y = f (x) shifted
c units to the right
(see Figure 1).

Translating the graph of f


Figure 1
5
Transformations of Functions

Now let’s consider the stretching and reflecting


transformations. If c > 1, then the graph of y = cf (x) is the
graph of y = f (x) stretched by a factor of c in the vertical
direction (because each y-coordinate is multiplied by the
same number c).

6
Transformations of Functions
The graph of y = –f (x) is the graph of y = f (x) reflected about
the x-axis because the point (x, y) is replaced by the
point (x, –y).

(See Figure 2 and the


following chart, where the
results of other stretching,
shrinking, and reflecting
transformations are also
given.)
Stretching and reflecting the graph of f
Figure 2 7
Transformations of Functions

8
Transformations of Functions
Figure 3 illustrates these stretching transformations when
applied to the cosine function with c = 2.

Figure 3

9
Transformations of Functions
For instance, in order to get the graph of y = 2 cos x we
multiply the y-coordinate of each point on the graph of
y = cos x by 2.

This means that the graph of y = cos x gets stretched


vertically by a factor of 2.

10
Example 1
Given the graph of use transformations to graph
and

Solution:
The graph of the square root function , is shown in
Figure 4(a).

Figure 4 11
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

Figure 4

In the other parts of the figure we sketch by


shifting 2 units downward, by shifting 2 units to
the right, by reflecting about the x-axis,
by stretching vertically by a factor of 2, and by
reflecting about the y-axis. 12
Transformations of Functions
Another transformation of some interest is taking the
absolute value of a function. If y = | f (x) |, then according to
the definition of absolute value, y = f (x) when f (x) ≥ 0 and
y = –f (x) when f (x) < 0.

This tells us how to get the graph of y = | f (x) | from the graph
of y = f (x) : The part of the graph that lies above the x-axis
remains the same; the part that lies below the x-axis is
reflected about the x-axis.

13
Combinations of Functions

14
Combinations of Functions
Two functions f and g can be combined to form new
functions f + g, f – g, fg, and f/g in a manner similar to the
way we add, subtract, multiply, and divide real numbers.
The sum and difference functions are defined by
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x) (f – g)(x) = f (x) – g (x)
If the domain of f is A and the domain of g is B, then the
domain of f + g is the intersection A ∩ B because both
f (x) and g(x) have to be defined.
For example, the domain of is A = [0, ) and the
domain of is B = ( , 2], so the domain of
is A ∩ B = [0, 2].
15
Combinations of Functions
Similarly, the product and quotient functions are defined by

The domain of f g is A ∩ B, but we can’t divide by 0 and so


the domain of f /g is {x  A ∩ B | g(x)  0}.

For instance, if f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x – 1, then the domain of


the rational function (f /g)(x) = x2/(x – 1) is {x | x  1},
or ( , 1) U (1, ).

16
Combinations of Functions
There is another way of combining two functions to obtain a
new function. For example, suppose that y = f (u) =
and u = g (x) = x2 + 1.

Since y is a function of u and u is, in turn, a function of x, it


follows that y is ultimately a function of x. We compute
this by substitution:

y = f (u) = f (g (x)) = f (x2 + 1) =

The procedure is called composition because the new


function is composed of the two given functions f and g.
17
Combinations of Functions
In general, given any two functions f and g, we start with a
number x in the domain of g and calculate g (x). If this
number g (x) is in the domain of f, then we can calculate the
value of f (g (x)).

The result is a new function h (x) = f (g (x)) obtained by


substituting g into f. It is called the composition
(or composite) of f and g and is denoted by f  g (“f circle g ”).

18
Combinations of Functions
The domain of f  g is the set of all x in the domain of g such
that g (x) is in the domain of f.

In other words, (f  g)(x) is


defined whenever both
g (x) and f (g (x)) are defined.

Figure 11 shows how to


picture f  g in terms of machines.
The f  g machine is composed of
the g machine (first) and then
the f machine.
Figure 11
19
Example 6
If f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x – 3, find the composite functions
f  g and g  f.

Solution:
We have
= f (x – 3) = (x – 3)2
(f  g)(x) = f (g (x))
= g (x2) = x2 – 3

(g  f)(x) = g (f (x))

20
Combinations of Functions
We know that, the notation f  g means that the function g is
applied first and then f is applied second. In Example 6,
f  g is the function that first subtracts 3 and then squares;
g  f is the function that first squares and then subtracts 3.

It is possible to take the composition of three or more


functions. For instance, the composite function f  g  h is
found by first applying h, then g, and then f as follows:

(f  g  h)(x) = f (g (h (x)))

21

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