Chapter 1 Overview of Coding
Chapter 1 Overview of Coding
,
2024, 12e
Chapter 1: Overview of
Coding
Michelle A. Green, 3-2-1 Code It!, 2024, Twelfth Edition. © 2025 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be
scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1
Chapter Objectives
• Career as a Coder
• Professional Associations
• Coding Systems and Coding Processes
• Other Classification Systems, Databases, and Nomenclatures
• Documentation as the Basis for Coding
• Health Data Collection
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Key Terms
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Introduction
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Knowledge Check Activity 1.1
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Knowledge Check Activity 1.1: Answer
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Career as a Coder
• Coding internship
• Internship supervisor
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Professional Credentials
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Knowledge Check Activity 1.2
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Knowledge Check Activity 1.2: Answer
Is this a career path that you would be interested in pursuing? Why or why not?
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Professional Associations
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Coding Discussion Boards
Discussion Website
Board
AHIMA Access AHIMA members can log in at www.ahima.org.
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Knowledge Check Activity 1.3
Which career related to medical coding appeals to you the most? Why?
Is there a career that you would never pursue? Why?
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Knowledge Check Activity 1.3: Answer
Which career related to medical coding appeals to you the most? Why?
Is there a career that you would never pursue? Why?
• A coder acquires a working knowledge of medical coding systems and
conventions/guidelines, health care government regulations, and third-party payer
requirements to ensure that all documented diagnoses, services, and procedures
are coded accurately for reimbursement, research, and statistical purposes.
• A health insurance specialist (or claims examiner) reviews health-related claims to
determine whether the costs are reasonable and medically necessary based on the
patient’s diagnosis reported for procedures performed and services provided.
• A medical assistant performs administrative and clinical tasks to keep the office and
clinic running smoothly.
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Coding Systems, Processes, and
References
• Coding systems
• ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, CPT, and HCPCS Level II
• Medical nomenclature
• SNOMED CT
• HIPAA code sets
• Large code set (e.g., CPT codes)
• Small code set (e.g., type of health care setting)
• Coding references
• AHA Coding Clinic for ICD-10-CM and ICD-10-PCS, AHA Coding Clinic for HCPCS,
and CPT Assistant
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Avoiding Fraud and Abuse in Coding
Concept Definition
Unbundling Reporting multiple codes to increase reimbursement when a single
combination code should be reported
Upcoding Reporting codes that are not supported by documentation in the
patient record for the purpose of increasing reimbursement
Overcoding Reporting codes for signs and symptoms in addition to the
established diagnosis code
Jamming Routinely assigning an unspecified ICD-10-CM disease code instead of
reviewing the coding manual to select the appropriate code
Downcoding Routinely assigning lower-level CPT codes for convenience instead of
reviewing patient record documentation and the coding manual to
determine the proper code to be reported
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ICD-11 Classification System
• Contains improved usability and more clinical detail; and requires less training time
• Classifies all clinical detail: compatible with EHR, links to other classifications and
terminologies (e.g., SNOMED-CT), incorporates multilingual support, and updates
scientific content
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Medical Coding Process
• Code of ethics
• Accurate coding
• Coding quality
• Avoiding assumption coding
• Professional, institutional, and single-path coding
• Physician query process
• Clinical documentation improvement
• Coding compliance programs
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Code of Ethics
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Accurate Coding
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Professional, Institutional, and Single-
Path Coding
• Professional coding: It captures complexity and intensity of
procedures performed and services provided during outpatient or
physician office encounter.
• Institutional (or facility) coding: It captures intensity of services used
to provide inpatient care and severity of illness to classify how sick
inpatients are.
• Multi-hospital systems that provide physician office services have
implemented single-path coding, which combines professional and
institutional coding to improve productivity and ensure the submission
of clean claims, leading to improved reimbursement.
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Inpatient Hospital Coding Quality
• Coders are expected to review the entire record when assigning codes
to diagnoses and procedures/services documented on the inpatient
hospital face sheet and discharge summary.
• Thus, coders should review the face sheet, discharge summary, and
other documentation (e.g., progress notes, operative reports,
pathology reports, laboratory data) to assign the most specific codes
possible.
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Assumption Coding and Physician
Query Process
• Assumption coding
• Assigning codes for diagnoses and procedures/services not
documented by physician
• Creates risk for fraud and abuse
• Can be avoided by implementing physician query process
• Physician query process
• Request physician clarification about documentation so accurate
codes are assigned
• EHR allows automated physician query process
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scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26
Clinical Documentation Improvement
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Coding Manuals, Encoders, and
Computer-Assisted Coding
• Publishers produce their own versions of ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and
HCPCS Level II coding manuals. (The AMA publishes CPT.)
• Companies publish encoders, which automate the coding process by
using the search feature to locate and verify medical codes.
• Computer-assisted coding (CAC) uses software to automatically
generate medical codes by analyzing clinical documentation located
in EHR or EMR.
• Uses “natural language processing” technology to generate codes
that are reviewed and validated by coders for reporting on third-
party payer claims.
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scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29
Computer-Assisted Coding (CAC)
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Sample CAC Screen
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Knowledge Check Activity 1.4
How will you avoid abusive and fraudulent medical coding practices?
List and define terms associated with medical coding fraud and abuse.
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scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32
Knowledge Check Activity 1.4: Answer
How will you avoid abusive and fraudulent medical coding practices?
Define fraud and abuse as they relate to medical coding.
List and define terms associated with medical coding fraud and abuse.
Michelle A. Green, 3-2-1 Code It!, 2024, Twelfth Edition. © 2025 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be
scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35
Knowledge Check Activity 1.5: Answer
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scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36
Documentation as the Basis for
Coding
• Patient record (or medical record): business records for patient
encounters (inpatient or outpatient) that document health care
services provided to patients
• Continuity of care: documenting patient care services so others who
treat patients have source of information on which to base additional
care and treatment
• Documentation: dictated and transcribed, keyboarded or handwritten,
and computer-generated notes and reports recorded in patient
records by health care professional
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Medical Necessity
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Patient Record Formats
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Knowledge Check Activity 1.6
Michelle A. Green, 3-2-1 Code It!, 2024, Twelfth Edition. © 2025 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be
scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40
Knowledge Check Activity 1.6: Answer
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scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43
Sample Accounts Receivable Aging
Report
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Knowledge Check Activity 1.7
What do you think is the most important reason for managing health
data collection at a health care facility?
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scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45
Knowledge Check Activity 1.7: Answer
What do you think is the most important reason for managing health data collection
at a health care facility?
Health data collection is performed by health care facilities and providers for the purpose of
administrative planning, submitting statistics to state and federal government agencies, and
reporting health claims data to third-party payers.
• Administrative planning requires health data analysis to determine employee staffing
levels, services offered, and more.
• Submitting data and statistics to state and federal government agencies is mandated and
includes cancer registry data, reportable events, reportable diseases, morbidity data, and
more.
• Reporting health claims data to third-party payers uses data collected from patient
records and assigned medical codes, which helps ensure the financial viability of the
health care facility or medical practice.
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scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46
Self-Assessment
How will you apply your academic training to the job responsibilities
and career path you will select, whether as a coder or another position?
Michelle A. Green, 3-2-1 Code It!, 2024, Twelfth Edition. © 2025 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be
scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47
Summary
Now that the lesson has ended, you should have learned how to:
• Define key terms related to the overview of coding.
• Summarize the training, job responsibilities, and career path for a coder.
• Identify professional associations available to coders and medical assistants.
• Summarize coding systems and processes.
• Identify other classification systems and databases.
• Explain how documentation serves as the basis for assigning codes.
• Describe health data collection for the purpose of reporting hospital and
physician office data.
Michelle A. Green, 3-2-1 Code It!, 2024, Twelfth Edition. © 2025 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be
scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48