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Class 2_Computer Architecture and Organization_Introduction_Number System

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Class 2_Computer Architecture and Organization_Introduction_Number System

Uploaded by

ridersuri74
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Architecture

and Organization
General Purpose System

 The General Purpose Computer System is the modified version of the


Von-Neumann Architecture. In simple words, we can say that a general
purpose computer system is a modern day architectural representation
of Computer System.
 The CPU, Memory Unit and I/O subsystems are interconnected by the
system bus which includes data, address, and control-status lines.
Parallel Processing

 Parallel processing can be described as a class of techniques which


enables the system to achieve simultaneous data-processing tasks to
increase the computational speed of a computer system.

 A parallel processing system can carry out simultaneous data-processing


to achieve faster execution time. For instance, while an instruction is
being processed in the ALU component of the CPU, the next instruction
can be read from memory.

 The primary purpose of parallel processing is to enhance the computer


processing capability and increase its throughput, i.e. the amount of
processing that can be accomplished during a given interval of time.
Parallel Processing

 A parallel processing system can


be achieved by having a
multiplicity of functional units
that perform identical or
different operations
simultaneously. The data can be
distributed among various
multiple functional units.

 The diagram shows one possible


way of separating the execution
unit into eight functional units
operating in parallel.
Parallel Processing

 The adder and integer multiplier


performs the arithmetic
operation with integer numbers.

 The floating-point operations are


separated into three circuits
operating in parallel.

 The logic, shift, and increment


operations can be performed
concurrently on different data.
All units are independent of
each other, so one number can
be shifted while another number
is being incremented.
Flynn's Classification of Computers

 M.J. Flynn proposed a classification for the organization of a computer


system by the number of instructions and data items that are manipulated
simultaneously.
 The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes
an instruction stream.
 The operations performed on the data in the processor constitute a data
stream.

 Flynn's classification divides computers into four major groups that are:

 Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD)


 Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD)
 Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD)
 Multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD)
SISD
 SISD stands for 'Single Instruction and Single Data Stream'. It
represents the organization of a single computer containing a control
unit, a processor unit, and a memory unit.
 Instructions are executed sequentially, and the system may or may not
have internal parallel processing capabilities.
 Most conventional computers have SISD architecture like the traditional
Von-Neumann computers.
 Instructions are decoded by the Control Unit
and then the Control Unit sends the instructions
to the processing units for execution.
 Data Stream flows between the processors
and memory bi-directionally.
SIMD
 SIMD stands for 'Single Instruction and Multiple Data Stream'. It
represents an organization that includes many processing units under
the supervision of a common control unit.
 All processors receive the same instruction from the control unit but
operate on different items of data.
 The shared memory unit must contain multiple modules so that it can
communicate with all the processors simultaneously.
MISD
 MISD stands for 'Multiple Instruction and Single Data stream'.
 MISD structure is only of theoretical interest since no practical system
has been constructed using this organization.
 In MISD, multiple processing units operate on one single-data stream.
Each processing unit operates on the data independently via separate
instruction stream.
MIMD
 MIMD stands for 'Multiple Instruction and Multiple Data Stream'.
 In this organization, all processors in a parallel computer can execute
different instructions and operate on various data at the same time.
 In MIMD, each processor has a separate program and an instruction
stream is generated from each program.
Thank You

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