CONTROL STRUCTURES

(Flow of Control)
• Control structures specify the order in which tasks are execution .
• There three main control structures:
• Sequence
• Selection(Decision Structure)
• Iteration(Loop or Repetition)
• Sequence: statements are executed one after another – the default
• Selection: statement is executed base on condition
• Iteration: statements executed a number of time
 Selection cont.
• Selection Statements is classify into two types
• Single selection(one-way)
• Dual selection(two-way)
• One-way selection statement:
• Evaluates logical expression
• Executes statements only if expression is true
• Two-way selection statement:
• Evaluates logical expression
• Executes statements if it is true
• Executes different statements if it is false
 Selection cont.
• Single (One-way) Selection flowchart
 Selection
• Make decisions in selection statement by writing logical expressions
• Logical expression evaluates to true or false
• Use to compare two values

• Relational operator
• Use to make comparison in logical expression
 Selection cont.
• The selection statement use in VB.NET include:
• If Then statement
• If Then Else statement
• Select Case statement
 Selection cont.
• Writing one-way Selection statements
• Single-line If syntax:
If (condition) Then statement

• Multi-line If syntax:
If ( condition) Then
statement
.
statement
End If
 Selection cont.
• Multi-line if:

• Statements written on separate lines

• Keyword End If must be used to terminate If statement

 Selection cont.
• Example of Single-line If statement flowchart
Decisions and Conditions

• The If/Then structure is called a single-selection

structure because it selects or ignores a single action (or a
sequence of actions).
• The If/Then/Else structure is called a double-selection
structure because it selects between two different actions
(or sequences of actions).
• If statements: a decision made by the computer is formed
as a question. Is a given condition True/False. If it is true do
one thing, if it is false, do something else.
• If the sun is shining then
• Go to the beach
• Else go to class
• End if.
• For example, suppose that the passing grade on an
examination is 60 (out of 100). Then the
pseudocode statement
• If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print
“Passed”
• If studentGrade >= 60 Then
• Console.WriteLine("Passed")
• End If
 Selection cont.
• Writing dual(two-way) selection statements
• When you want to execute one or more statements if logical expression is
true
• But also want to execute one or more different statements if it is false

• Nested If
• If statement written inside another If statement
• Can replace compound expression with nested If
 Selection cont.
• Dual(Two-way) selection statement flowchart
 Selection cont.
• Writing dual(two-way) selection statements
• Syntax:
If (condition) Then
statement(s)
Else
statement(s)
End If
• ElseIf
• Combines Else and If
If/Then/Else Selection Structure

• If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

• Print “Passed”
• Else
• Print “Failed”
• The preceding pseudocode If/Else structure may be written
in Visual Basic as

• If studentGrade >= 60 Then

• Console.WriteLine("Passed")
• Else
• Console.WriteLine("Failed")
• End If
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90
Print “A”
Else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print “B”
Else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print “C”
Else
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “D”
Else
Print “F”
Most Visual Basic programmers prefer to write the
preceding If/Then/Else structure
• using the ElseIf keyword as
• If grade >= 90 Then
• Console.WriteLine("A")
• ElseIf grade >= 80 Then
• Console.WriteLine("B")
• ElseIf grade >= 70 Then
• Console.WriteLine("C")
• ElseIf grade >= 60 Then
• Console.WriteLine("D")
• Else
• Console.WriteLine("F")
• End If
• Module Module1
• Sub Main()
• Dim intInput As Integer
• System.Console.WriteLine("Enter an integer…")
• intInput = Val(System.Console.ReadLine())
• If intInput = 1 Then
• System.Console.WriteLine("Thank you.")
• System.Console.ReadLine()
• ElseIf intInput = 2 Then
• System.Console.WriteLine("That's fine.")
• System.Console.ReadLine()
• ElseIf intInput = 3 Then
• System.Console.WriteLine("Too big.")
• System.Console.ReadLine()
• Else
• System.Console.WriteLine("Not a number I know.")
• System.Console.ReadLine()
•
Examples
• If then statement
• If Balance-Check< 0 Then
• Print “You are overdrawn”
• If /Then/ End If
• If Balance-Check< 0 Then
• Print “You are overdrawn”
• Print “ Authorities have been notified”
• End If
• If/ Then/ Else/ End If
• If Balance-Check< 0 Then
• Print “You are overdrawn”
• Print “ Authorities have been notified”
• Else
• Balance = Balance- Check
• End If
• To form conditions, six relational operators are used
to compare values. The result of the comparison is
either True/ False. It includes >,<, =,<>, >=, <=.
• Examples: intCountOne=5, intCountTwo=5,
intCountThree=-5 txtFour.Text= “Bit”, txtFive.Text
=“Byte”. Determine which conditions will evaluate
True and which ones will evaluate False
• intCountOne = intCountTwo T
• IntCountThree<0 T
• intCountThree< intCountTwo T
• intCountOne <> intCountTwo F
• intCountOne + 2 > intCountTwo+2 F
• txtFour.Text < txtFive.Text T
• “2”<> “Two” T
• “$” <=“?” T
Difference between Division and
Modulus
• If intTotalMinutes = 150
• Then
• intHours = intTotalMinutes\60
• i.e it returns 2 for intHours
• intMinutes = intTotalMinutes mod 60
• i.e it returns 30 for intMinutes
Assume that intFrogs=10, intToads=5 intPolliwogs=6.
what will be displayed for each of the following
statements.
If intFrogs> intPolliwogs then
radFrogs.checked= True
radToads.checked= false
Else
radFrogs .checked=false
radToads.checked= true
End If
• Ans: radFrogs will be checked
• radToads will be unchecked
(2) If intfrogs >intToads+ intPolliwogs then
lblResult.Text=“It’s the frog”
Else
lblResult.Text=“It’s the toads and the polliwogs”
end if
• Ans: It’s the toads and the polliwogs”
• (3) If intPolliwogs > intToads and intfrog< >0 then
• lblResult.Text= “It’s True”
• Else
• lblResult.Text= “It’s false”
• End if
• Ans: It’s True
(4) Write the statements necessary to compare the
numbers in txtApples.Text and txtOranges.Text. Display
in lblMost.Text which has more the oranges or the
apples.
Ans: if Cint(txtOranges.Text)> Cint(txtApples.Text) then
lblMost.Text = “Oranges”
else
lblMost.Text = “Apples”
end if
• Write the Basic statements that will test the current
value of decBalance. When decBalance is greater than
zero, the checkbox for funds available called chkFunds
should be selected, the decBalance set back to zero
and intCounter incremented by one. When
decBalance is zero or less, chkFunds should not be
selected (do not change the value of decBalance or
increment the counter)
• If decBalance> 0 then
• chkFunds.Checked = True
• decBalance=0
• intCounter+=1
• Else
• chkFunds.checked= False
• End If.
Exercises
• Write a program using If statement to take appropriate action if you
have asked a girl for a date.
• Given the following tax table information, write VB.NET program to
assgn the double TaxRate appropriately given the double pay. Use a
nested if- else statement. If pay is more than 100,000, tax rate is 40%.
• If pay is more than 60,000 and less than or equal to 100,000 tax rate is
30%. If pay is more than 30,000 and less than or equal to 60,000 tax
rate is 20%. If pay is more than 15,000 and less than or equal to
30,000 tax rate is 10%. If pay is more than 5,000 and less than or
equal to 15,000 tax rate is 5%. If pay is less than or equal to 5,000 tax
rate is 0%.
• Let’s say you deposit $1000 in a bank and the bank is paying you 5% compound interest annually.
• After the first year, you will earn an interest of $1000×0.05=$50. The new principal will be $1000+
$1000×0.05=$1000(1+0.05)=$1000(1.05)=$1050. After the second year, the new principal is
$1000(1.05)x1.05=$1000(1.05)2 =$1102.50. This new principal is called the future value.
• Following the above calculation, the future value after n years will be:
• FV = PV * (1 + i / 100)n
• Where:
• FV = Future Value
• PV =Present Value
• i = Interest rate
• n = time/duration (year/month).
• Therefore, implement the above calculation using a visual basic code. See figure below;
• Public Class Form1
• Private Function FV(pv As Single, i As Single, n As Integer) As Double
• FV = pv * (1 + i / 100) ^ n
• End Function
•
• Sub btnCal_Click() Handles btnCal.Click
• Dim FutureVal As Single
• Dim PresentVal As Single
• Dim interest As Single
• Dim period As Integer
• PresentVal = txtPV.Text
• interest = txtInt.Text
• period = txtN.Text
• FutureVal = FV(PresentVal, interest, period)
• lblFV.Text = Forma(FutureVal, "$#,##0.00")
• End Sub
• End Class