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Fourier Series Part 1

The document discusses Fourier Series, focusing on periodic, odd, and even functions, as well as orthogonal functions. It explains the properties of these functions, provides examples, and includes rules for integrating odd and even functions. Additionally, it covers the concept of mutually orthogonal sets of functions and provides examples to illustrate these concepts.

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13 views30 pages

Fourier Series Part 1

The document discusses Fourier Series, focusing on periodic, odd, and even functions, as well as orthogonal functions. It explains the properties of these functions, provides examples, and includes rules for integrating odd and even functions. Additionally, it covers the concept of mutually orthogonal sets of functions and provides examples to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

sphem4codescribd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourier Series

Part 1
Content
1. Periodic Functions
2. Odd and Even Functions
3. Orthogonal Functions
Periodic Functions

A function is periodic with period if

Fact 1: If and are both periodic functions


with period
then so is the function and also the
function .
Proof:
Example 1

f  

0

T
Example 2 – ‘Square wave’
type

f  

0

T
Example 3 – ‘Triangle wave’

f  

0

T
Period functions: Sine and Cosine
Both the sine and cosine functions are
periodic functions:

 is periodic with period


 is periodic with period
 is periodic with period
 is periodic with period

Some Greek letter stuff:


is NOT the letter w (pronouned ‘double-
you’), it is the lower case Greek letter
omega. The upper case omega has the
symbol
Even functions

Even
functions
have y-axis
symmetry

For an even function, for every point (x, y) on the graph, the point
(-x, y) is also on the graph.
Odd functions

Odd
functions
have origin
symmetry

For an odd function, for every point (x, y) on the graph, the point
(-x, -y) is also on the graph.
A function is even if for every number in the
domain.

So if you plug a into the function and you get the


original function back again it is even.

f x  5 x  2 x  1
4 2 Is this function even?

YES
f  x  5( x)  2( x)  1 5 x  2 x  1
4 2 4 2

f x  2 x  x3 Is this function even?

NO
f  x  2( x ) 
3
( x)  2 x  x 3
A function is odd if for every number
in the domain.
So if you plug a into the function and you get the
negative of the function back again (all terms change
sign) it is odd.

f x  5 x  2 x  1
4 2 Is this function odd?

NO
f  x  5( x)  2( x)  1 5 x  2 x  1
4 2 4 2

f x  2 x  x
3 Is this function odd?
YES
f  x  2( x ) 
3
( x)  2 x  x 3
If a function is neither even nor odd
we just say neither.
Determine if the following functions are even, odd or neither.

Not the original and all terms

f x  5 x  1 3 didn’t change sign, so NEITHER.

f  x  5 x   1  5 x  1
3 3

f x   3 x  x  2 4 2 Got f(x) back so EVEN.

f  x   3( x)  ( x)  2  3 x  x  2
4 2 4 2
sin(x) is an odd function

sin (− 𝑥 )=−sin ( 𝑥)
cos(x) is an even function
Integrals of odd & even
functions
When integrating a function over a
symmetric interval such as we find:

1. If is an even function, then

2. If is an odd function, then


Example: is even
A

A = 2B
Example:
Products of odd and even
functions
Let and be even functions.
Let and be odd functions.

Then we have:
1. The product of two even functions is an
even function

2. The product of two odd functions is an


even function

3. The product of an even function and an


odd function is an odd function
Orthogonal functions

Definition:
Two non-zero functions and is said to be
orthogonal on if
A mutually orthogonal set
A set of non-zero functions , are said to be
mutually orthogonal on if and are
orthogonal for every , i.e.:
𝑏

∫ 𝑓 𝑖 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑓 𝑗 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥=0
𝑎
If we get
Some useful Trig formulas
Example
Show that the following set is a mutually
orthogonal set on the interval .

We need to evaluate the following integral:

We’ll consider the 2 cases: and


Case 1:
1.1

1.2

But is an
integer, thus ,
thus:
Case 2:
Orthogonality of
We’ve shown that if the integral is zero
and when the value of the integral is a
positive constant, so the set is mutually
orthogonal.
Example
Show that the following set is a mutually
orthogonal set on the interval .

We need to evaluate the following integral:

We’ll consider the 2 cases: and


Case 1:
Case 2:
Example
Show that the following two sets are mutually
orthogonal on the interval .

All that’s left is to evaluate the following integral:

The integrand is the product of an odd function


and an even function, which is an odd function.
But the integral of an odd function over a
symmetric interval is always zero!
A
summar
y of
importa
nt
integral
s

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