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PROBABILITY 05 June 2020

The document provides an overview of probability, defining it as a measure of how likely an event is to occur in uncertain situations. It introduces basic terms such as experiment, outcome, event, sample space, and random variables, distinguishing between discrete and continuous random variables. Additionally, it includes examples of calculating probabilities for various scenarios involving dice and coins.

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13 views12 pages

PROBABILITY 05 June 2020

The document provides an overview of probability, defining it as a measure of how likely an event is to occur in uncertain situations. It introduces basic terms such as experiment, outcome, event, sample space, and random variables, distinguishing between discrete and continuous random variables. Additionally, it includes examples of calculating probabilities for various scenarios involving dice and coins.

Uploaded by

codeworks.edu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PROBABILITY

BASICS
PROBABILITY
• something that has a chance of happening.
• the chance that something will happen.
• a measure of how often a particular event will happen if something (such
as tossing a coin) is done repeatedly.
Life is full of uncertainties. We don’t know the outcomes of a particular
situation until it happens. Will it rain today? Will I pass the next math test?
Will my favorite team win the toss? Will I get a promotion in next 6 months?
All these questions are examples of uncertain situations we live in.
BASIC TERMS
• Experiment – are the uncertain situations, which could have multiple
outcomes. Whether it rains on a daily basis is an experiment.
• Outcome is the result of a single trial. So, if it rains today, the outcome
of today’s trial from the experiment is “It rained”.
• Event is one or more outcome from an experiment. “It rained” is one
of the possible event for this experiment.
• Probability is a measure of how likely an event is. So, if it is 60%
chance that it will rain tomorrow, the probability of Outcome “it rained”
for tomorrow is 0.6
SAMPLE SPACE
• This is a set of all of the possible
outcomes. A set in mathematics
is a unique collection of
elements.
• As an instance, the sample
space of dice is: S= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6}
RANDOM VARIABLE
• A Random Variable is a set
of possible values from a
random experiment.
• Example: Tossing a coin: we could
get Heads or Tails.
• Let's give them the
values Heads=0 and Tails=1 an
d we have a Random Variable
"X":
TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLES

• Discrete Random Variable


A discrete variable is a Random
Variable
variable whose value is
obtained by counting.
• Continuous Random Variable
Discrete Continuous
A continuous variable is a random random
variable variable
variable whose value is obtained
by measuring.
CONTINUOUS RANDOM
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE VARIABLE

Examples: Examples:
• number of students present • height of students in class
• number of red marbles in a jar • weight of students in class
• number of heads when flipping • time it takes to get to school
three coins • distance traveled between
• students’ grade level classes
PROBABILITY
• Probability of an event happening =
• Example: the chances of rolling a "4" with a die
Number of favorable cases: 1 (there is only 1 face with a "4" on it)
Total number of outcomes: 6 (there are 6 faces altogether)
So the probability =
NOTE : 0 <= P(A) <= 1
EXAMPLES
Question 1:
A die is rolled, find the probability that an even number is obtained.
Solution :
Sample Space, S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
Events, E = {2,4,6}
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 3 / 6 = 1 / 2
EXAMPLES
Question 2 :
Two coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads are
obtained. Note: Each coin has two possible outcomes H (heads) and T
(Tails).
Solution :
S = {(H,T),(H,H),(T,H),(T,T)}
E = {(H,H)}
P(E) = n(E) / n(S) = 1 / 4
Question 4 :

Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is
a) equal to 1
b) equal to 4
c) less than 13

SOLUTION :

S = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6)
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6)
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6)
(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6)
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6) }
THANK YOU

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