VARIABL

ES
PR 2 MODULE 3

MARY ANN A.
OTERO
• Read and
comprehend the
meaning of variable
and its function;
• Differentiate the
kinds of variables
and their uses via
graphic organizer;
and
• Identify the
independent and OBJECTIVE
depend variable from TRE
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Directions: Analyze the picture and
state how many variables you can
find on it.

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WHAT IS THE MEANING OF
VARIABLE?

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 •any factor or property that a researcher
VARIABL measures, controls and/or manipulates.
ES •The changing quantity or measure of any
factor, trait or condition that can exist in
differing amounts or types.
•A logical set of attributes, characteristics,
numbers or quantities that can be
measured or counted
•Also called a data item.
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 CLASSIFICATIONS OF
VARIABLES

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1. NUMERIC
VARIABLES
•These are variables with values that
describe a measurable numerical
quantity and answer the questions
“how many” or “how much”.
•These values are considered
quantitative data.
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TYPE
S:
A.CONTINUOUS B.DISCRETE
VARIABLES VARIABLES
• Can assume any value • Can assume any whole
between a certain set of value within the limits
real numbers and the of the given variables.
values depend on the • Some examples: no. of
scale used. registered cars, no. of
• Also called interval business locations, no. of
variables children in the family,
• Some examples: age populations of students,
time, temperature, total no. of working
height, weight faculty
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2. CATEGORICAL
VARIABLES
•With values that describe a
quality or characteristics of a
date unit like “what type” or
‘which category”

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TYPE
S:
A. ORDINAL VARIABLES
• Variables that can take up a value which can
be
logically ordered or ranked.
• Some examples: academic grade such as
A,B,C; clothing size such as X,L,M,S; and
measures of attitudes like strongly agree,
agree, disagree, or strongly disagree

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TYPE
S:
B. NOMINAL VARIABLES
• Variables whose values cannot be
organized in a logical sequence.
• Some examples: business types, eye
color, kinds of religions, various
languages and types of learners

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TYPE
S:
C. DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLES
• Variables represents only two categories.
• Some examples: gender (male and
female); answer (yes or no); veracity
( true or false)

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TYPE
S:
D. POLYCHOTOMOUS VARIABLES
• Variables that have many categories.
• Some examples: educational attainment
(elementary, high school, college, graduate
and post graduate), level of performance
( excellent, very good, good, satisfactory or
poor)

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3. EXPERIMENTAL
VARIABLES
•describes the factors that differ
between the test and the control
samples, which you are
investigating.

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1. Independent
Variables (IV)
Independent Variables (IV) are
those that are suspected of being
the cause in a causal relationship. If
you are asking a cause and effect
question, your IV will be the
variable (or variables if more than
one) that you suspect causes the
effect.
 1. Independent
Variables (IV)
There are two types of Independent
Variable:
A.Active independent variables - are
interventions or conditions that are
being applied to the participants.

A special tutorial for the third graders,

a new therapy for clients, or a new
training program being tested on
1. Independent Variables
(IV)
B. Attribute independent variables -
are intrinsic characteristics of the
participants that are suspected of causing a
result.

For example, if you are examining

whether gender—which is intrinsic to
the participants— results in higher or
lower scores on some skill, gender is
1. Independent
Variables (IV)
Independent Variables are
usually called predictor or
criterion variable. It is known as
the CAUSE variable.
2. Dependent Variables
(DV)
Dependent Variables (DV) are those
that are influenced by the independent
variables. If you ask, "Does A cause [or
predict or influence or affect, and so on]
B?" then B is the dependent variable
(DV).
2. Dependent Variables
(DV)
Dependent Variables (DV) are variables
that depend on or are influenced by the
independent variables.

Dependent Variables (DV) are outcomes or

results of the influence of the independent
variable. The dependent variable receives the
intervention.
2. Dependent Variables
(DV)
Dependent Variables (DV)
are usually called OUTCOME or
EFFECT variables.
3. Extraneous Variables
(EV)
Extraneous Variables (EV) can
be age, gender, or personality traits
may suddenly surface to create
effects on the relationship of the
two basic variables (IV & DV).
4. Intervening variable
(IV)Intervening variable is a kind of
extraneous variable that directly
establishes the link between IV and
DV. It is the primary cause of the
change in DV.
5. Confounding
Variables
There is a special class of
extraneous variables called
confounding variables. Confounding
variables can affect how IV acts on
DV, which can lead to a false result
or effect on DV.
EXAMP
LE:Title of Research:
1. An Experiment on the
Methods of Teaching and Language Achievement
Among Elementary Pupils
Independent Method of Teaching
Variable : Language
Dependent Achievement
Variable : Ventilation
Extraneous
2. Title of Research : Use facilities,
of the physical
Gardening Tools and
Variable: ambiance
Types of Fertilizers: Their Effect on the Amount of
Harvest
Independent Use of gardening tools and types of
Variable : fertilizers Amount of harvest
Dependent Humidity level, types of seeds/plant
Variable :
Extraneous
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EXAMP
LE:Title of Research:
1. Competencies of Teachers and
Students’ Behavior in
Selected Private Schools
Independent Competencies of
Variable : Teachers
Dependent Students’ Behavior
Variable
1. Title :
of Research : Conduct of Guidance
Counseling Programs and Degree of Absenteeism
andIndependent
Drop Out Rate Among Grade
Conduct of 12 Classes
Counseling Programs
Variable : Degree of Absenteeism and Drop
Dependent Out Rate
Variable :

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4. VARIABLES
ACCORDING TO THE
NUMBER BEING
STUDIED

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TYPE
S: A. UNIVARIATE STUDY
• Only one variable is being studied

B. BIVARIATE STUDY
• Two variables are being studied

C.POLYVARIATE STUDY
• More than two variables are being
studied

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 •A variable is any factor or property that a
SUMMAR
researcher measures, controls, and/or
Y:manipulates in a research study.
•The different classifications of research
variables are as follows:
• Nominal - discreet or continuous
• Categorical – ordinal or discreet;
dichotomous or polychotomous
• Experimental – independent, dependent,
extraneous
• Variables according to numbers being studied –
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