ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY

(Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC)

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
(Accredited by ICAR)

DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
PERSONAL, SOCIAL AND MORAL
DEVELOPMENT – MEANING,
CONCEPTS – SELF-CONCEPT, SELF-
ESTEEM AND SELF-WORTH AND
THEORIES
 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

• Personal Development is a term used to describe

individual development. Aspects of self
development include physical growth and
development, as well as the development of self-
concept and identity.
 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

• It is a way for people to assess their skills and

qualities, consider their aims in life and set goals
in order to realise and maximise their potential.
• Although early life development and early
formative experiences within the family, at
school, etc. can help to shape us as adults,
personal development should not stop later in
life.
 WHY IS PERSONAL
DEVELOPMENT IMPORTANT?

•There are many ideas

surrounding personal
development, one of which is
Abraham Maslow's process of
self-actualisation.
 SELF-ACTUALISATION
• Maslow (1970) suggests that all individuals
have an in-built need for personal
development which occurs through a process
called self-actualisation.
• The extent to which people are able to
develop depends on certain needs being met
and these needs form a hierarchy.
 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Is the process of learning to conform to group standards
– Freeman and Showel
• Means acquisition of the ability to behave in accordance
with social expectations – Crow and Crow
• Means the attaining of maturity in social setting
– E. B. Hurlock
• Infancy is centered round home and therefore it is here
that the foundations for later social behaviour and
attitudes are formed.
 SOCIALISING BEHAVIOUR OF THE
INFANT:
• At birth – it makes no difference who cares of its physical needs.
• By 2-3 months – distinguishes people from inanimate objects.
• By 4-5 months – loves to be picked up and reacts differently to
friendly & angry voices.
• 6-7 months – beginning of shy age. Smiles at friends & fears in the
presence of strangers.
• 8-9 months – attempts to imitate the speech, gestures and simple
acts of others
• Between 2-6 years: children learn to make social contacts and get
along with people outside home, esp with children of their own.
 ADOLESCENCE
– period of increased social relationship and contacts
– ceases to be ego centric, selfish & unsocial.
- the social circle is very wide.
- friendship is no longer nominal.
- makes intimate friendship and attaches closely to a group
- the rejection is costly…creates adjustment problems
- gives more importance to the values & beliefs maintained by his
peer group than the advice of his parents.
- form their own groups based on their common interests and goals.
- social groups of boys are larger than the girls because of the
greater amount of freedom enjoyed.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• Early social response
• Response to other children
• Group activities
• Social perception
• Resistant behaviour
• Sympathy
• Fights and quarrels
• Cooperation
• Competition
 MORAL DEVELOPMENT
• Term Moral comes from the Latin word
‘mores’ – Manners, custom & folkways
• is the process by which an individual
internalizes socially approved rules and
restrictions and comes to orient his or
her behaviour with regard to these
rules.
 THREE CONCEPTUALLY
DISTINGUISHABLE ASPECTS OF
THESE DEVELOPMENTS:

• 1. Moral Judgement (how one reasons

about moral situations)
• 2. Moral behaviour (how one acts)
• 3. Moral emotions (what one feels)
• Moral behaviour = Human behaviour in
conformity with moral code of social
group. It is carried out in a voluntary way
• MB is accompanied by a feeling of a
personal responsibility for one’s act.
• The child has to learn what is good and
what is bad which is a slow process.
 PIAGET HAS DIVIDED MORAL DEVELOPMENT
INTO 3 PARTS OF CHILDHOOD IN WHICH THE
CHILD LEARNS SUCH BEHAVIOUR.

1. During 4-5 – child begins to imitate the actions of

parents and others who are in close touch with him.
2. At 5-8 – child learns to respect parents, teachers and
other adults. Morality of obedience and duty is inculcated
happily and spontaneously.
3. At 9-13 – there is morality of cooperation through free,
reciprocal relationship with his peers. This stage is considered
as the golden year of life because experiences of the child of
this period remain life long. Here the role of discipline is very
essential in the moral development of the child.
 SELF-CONCEPT
• Self-concept is how we perceive our
behaviors, abilities, and unique
characteristics.
• For example, beliefs such as "I am a
good friend" or "I am a kind person" are
part of an overall self-concept
 OTHER EXAMPLES OF
SELF-CONCEPT
• How you view your personality traits, such as whether you
are an extrovert or introvert
• How you see your roles in life, such as whether you feel
that being a parent, sibling, friend, and partner are important
parts of your identity
• The hobbies or passions that are important to your sense
of identity, such as being a sports enthusiast or belonging to a
certain political party
• How you feel about your interactions with the world, such
as whether you feel that you are contributing to society
 ROGERS' THREE PARTS OF
SELF-CONCEPT
Humanist psychologist Carl Rogers believed that self-concept is made up of
three different parts:
• Ideal self: The ideal self is the person you want to be. This person has
the attributes or qualities you are either working toward or want to possess.
It's who you envision yourself to be if you were exactly as you wanted.
• Self-image: Self-image refers to how you see yourself at this moment
in time. Attributes like physical characteristics, personality traits, and social
roles all play a role in your self-image.
• Self-esteem: How much you like, accept, and value yourself all
contribute to your self-concept. Self-esteem can be affected by a number of
factors—including how others see you, how you think you compare to
others, and your role in society.
 INCONGRUENCE AND
CONGRUENCE
Self-concept is not always aligned with reality.
When it is aligned, your self-concept is said to
be congruent. If there is a mismatch between
how you see yourself (your self-image) and
who you wish you were (your ideal self), your
self-concept is incongruent. This
incongruence can negatively affect self-
esteem.
 SELF ESTEEM
• SE is the way one feels about oneself, including the degree to
which one possesses self respect and self acceptance.
• SE is the sense of personal worth and competence that persons
associate with their self-concepts.
• Abraham Maslow, “SE is related to the process of becoming a self-
actualizing person. All people have a need or desire for a stable,
firmly based, sense of self-regard, or self-respect, and they need
the esteem from themselves and from others.
• Stanley Coopersmith, “high self esteem results from parental
acceptance, the setting of limits, and freedom for individual action
within realistic limits.
• Self-esteem is your subjective sense of overall personal
worth or value. Similar to self-respect, it describes your
level of confidence in your abilities and attributes.

• Having healthy self-esteem can influence your

motivation, your mental well-being, and your overall
quality of life. However, having self-esteem that is
either too high or too low can be problematic. Better
understanding what your unique level of self-esteem is
can help you strike a balance that is just right for you.
 KEY ELEMENTS OF SELF-
ESTEEM INCLUDE:
• Self-confidence
• Feelings of security
• Identity
• Sense of belonging
• Feeling of competence
Other terms often used interchangeably with self-esteem include
self-worth, self-regard, and self-respect.
Self-esteem tends to be lowest in childhood and increases during
adolescence, as well as adulthood, eventually reaching a fairly
stable and enduring level.
 WHY SELF-ESTEEM IS
IMPORTANT
Self-esteem impacts your decision-making
process, your relationships, your emotional
health, and your overall well-being. It also
influences motivation, as people with a
healthy, positive view of themselves
understand their potential and may feel
inspired to take on new challenges.
 FOUR KEY CHARACTERISTICS
OF HEALTHY SELF-ESTEEM
1. A firm understanding of one's skills
2. The ability to maintain healthy relationships
with others as a result of having a healthy
relationship with oneself
3. Realistic and appropriate personal
expectations
4. An understanding of one's needs and the
ability to express those needs
 THEORIES OF SELF-ESTEEM
Many theorists have written about the
dynamics involved in the development of self-
esteem. The concept of self-esteem plays an
important role in psychologist Abraham
Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which depicts
esteem as one of the basic human
motivations.
Maslow suggested that individuals need
both appreciation from other people and
inner self-respect to build esteem. Both
of these needs must be fulfilled in order
for an individual to grow as a person and
reach self-actualization.
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT SELF-
ESTEEM
There are many factors that can influence self-esteem. Your self-esteem
may be impacted by:
• Age
• Disability
• Genetics
• Illness
• Physical abilities
• Socioeconomic status
• Thought patterns
 HEALTHY SELF-ESTEEM
• Avoid dwelling on past negative experiences
• Believe you are equal to everyone else, no better and no worse
• Express your needs
• Feel confident
• Have a positive outlook on life
• Say no when you want to
• See your overall strengths and weaknesses and accept them
Having healthy self-esteem can help motivate you to reach your
goals, because you are able to navigate life knowing that you are
capable of accomplishing what you set your mind to
 HOW TO IMPROVE SELF-
ESTEEM
• Become more aware of negative thoughts. Learn to identify
the distorted thoughts that are impacting your self-worth.
• Challenge negative thinking patterns. When you find
yourself engaging in negative thinking, try countering those
thoughts with more realistic and/or positive ones.
• Use positive self-talk. Practice reciting positive affirmations
to yourself.
• Practice self-compassion. Practice forgiving yourself for
past mistakes and move forward by accepting all parts of
yourself.
 SELF-WORTH
• Self-worth and self-value are two related terms that are often used
interchangeably. Having a sense of self-worth means that you value
yourself, and having a sense of self-value means that you are
worthy. The differences between the two are minimal enough that
both terms can be used to describe the same general concept.
• Self-worth is defined by Merriam-Webster as:
• “a feeling that you are a good person who deserves to be treated
with respect”.
• On the other hand, self-value is “more behavioral than emotional,
more about how you act toward what you value, including yourself,
than how you feel about yourself compared to others” (Stosny,
2014).
 SELF-WORTH VERSUS SELF-ESTEEM

• Similarly, there is not a huge difference between

self-worth and self-esteem, especially for those who
are not professionals in the field of psychology. In
fact, the first definition of self-worth on the Merriam-
Webster dictionary website is simply “self-esteem.”
• Similarly, the World Book Dictionary definition of
self-esteem is “thinking well of oneself; self-respect,”
while self-worth is defined as “a favorable estimate
or opinion of oneself; self-esteem” (Bogee, Jr., 1998).
• Clearly, many of these terms are used to talk
about the same ideas, but for those deeply
immersed in these concepts, there is a slight
difference. Dr. Christina Hibbert explains this:
• “Self-esteem is what we think and feel and
believe about ourselves. Self-worth is
recognizing ‘I am greater than all of those
things.’ It is a deep knowing that I am of value,
that I am loveable, necessary to this life, and of
incomprehensible worth.” (2013).
 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SELF-
WORTH
• In psychology, the concept of self-worth may be a
less-popular research topic than self-esteem or
self-confidence, but that doesn’t mean it’s less
important.
• Self-worth is at the core of our very selves—our
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are intimately
tied into how we view our worthiness and value as
human beings.
 WHAT IS THE SELF-WORTH
THEORY?
• The self-worth theory posits that an individual’s main
priority in life is to find self-acceptance and that self-
acceptance is often found through achievement
(Covington & Beery, 1976). In turn, achievement is often
found through competition with others.
• Thus, the logical conclusion is that competing with others
can help us feel like we have impressive achievements
under our belt, which then makes us feel proud of
ourselves and enhances our acceptance of ourselves.
 THE THEORY HOLDS THAT THERE ARE
FOUR MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE SELF-
WORTH MODEL:
1. Ability;
2. Effort;
3. Performance;
4. Self-worth.
The first three interact with each other to determine one’s
level of self-worth. One’s ability and effort predictably have
a big impact on performance, and all three contribute to
one’s feeling of worth and value.
 WHAT DETERMINES SELF-
WORTH?
• According to the self-worth theory, self-worth is
determined mostly by our self-evaluated abilities
and our performance in one or more activities that
we deem valuable.
• However, people commonly use other yardsticks
to measure their self-worth. Here are five of the
top factors that people use to measure and
compare their own self-worth to the worth of
others:
1. Appearance—whether measured by the number on the scale, the
size of clothing worn, or the kind of attention received by others;
2. Net worth—this can mean income, material possessions, financial
assets, or all of the above;
3. Who you know/your social circle—some people judge their own value
and the value of others by their status and what important and influential
people they know;
4. What you do/your career—we often judge others by what they do;
for example, a stockbroker is often considered more successful and
valuable than a janitor or a teacher;
5. What you achieve—as noted earlier, we frequently use achievements
to determine someone’s worth (whether it’s our own worth or someone
else’s), such as success in business, scores on the SATs, or placement in a
marathon or other athletic challenge (Morin, 2017).
THANK YOU...