Readings in

the
Philippine
History
JIMWELL T. VILLANUEVA, CHRA
INTRUCTOR
 OBJECTIVES
LESSON 2
• Be acquainted with a primary document
in the various historical periods of the
Philippines
• Learn history from primary sources
• Properly interpret primary sources
through examining the content and
context of the documents
• Understand the context behind selected
document
 CONTEXT
ANALYSIS
Credible
Reliable
Trustworthy
 CONTEXT
-an analysisANALYSIS
of a text including historical
context of the source, place, time, and
situation.

- an analysis of the author’s

background, intent, and authority on the
subject

- an analysis of the source’s relevance

and meaning
CONTENT
ANALYSIS
Logical
Based on
truth
 CONTENT
-an ANALYSIS
analysis of the application of
appropriate techniques depending on
the type of (written, oral, or visual).

- an analysis that identifies the

argument, compare points of views,
biases, and claims based on evidences
 HISTORICAL SOURCES

• It is historians primary tool of understanding the

past.

• It ascertain historical facts.

• Facts are then analyzed and interpreted by the

 Primary Source

External Criticism Internal Criticism

Authenticity of the Examine the
document or the truthfulness of the
evidence being used. content of the
evidence.
 A Brief
Summary of
the First
Voyage Around
the World by
Magellan
 Ferdinand
Magellan
- a Portuguese explorer and
navigator from Sabrosa,
Portugal
 Why are Europeans eager to
navigate to eastern islands or
easter lands? What are their
reasons for navigating the
Pacific and Atlantic Ocean just
to go to the orient?
 3 Motives of Europeans:
3 Gs
GOD – spread Christianity

In the late 1400s, there was only

one religion in Europe and that is
Christianity. European leaders were
very religious and wanted to
convert everyone to Christianity.
 3 Motives of Europeans:
3 Gs
GOLD and TRADES
The idea or doctrine of mercantilism
was actually increasing.
The wealth of a particular country
depends on the amount of gold that they
have in the treasury.
They really wanted to go to Spice
Islands somewhere in Moluccas but they
landed in the Philippines.
Spices were very expensive during that
 3 Motives of Europeans:
3 Gs
GLORY

Explorers and navigators

were seen as heroes when they
discover new lands, acquire
more golds and trades for their
growing empire.
 Antonio
-
Pigafetta
was an Italian nobleman,
geographer, and cartographer

- sent by the king of Spain to

document the voyage
• This was taken from the
chronicles of contemporary
voyagers, navigator of 16th
Century, and was an Italian
nobleman, Antonio Pigafetta.

Ab o u t t h i s
Book
• Antonio Pigafetta’s work instantly became

a classic that prominent literary men in

• the west.
Pigafetta’s travelogue is one of the most

important primary source in the study of

pre-colonial Philippines.

Ab o u t t h i s
Book
• Antonio account was also a major of

referent to events leading the Magellan’s

arrival in the Philippines.

• His encounter with local leaders , his death

with the hands of Lapu-lapu’s forces in the

battle of Mactan and the departure of what

was left of Magellan’s fleet from the

islands.

Ab o u t t h i s
Book
• The First Voyage Around the World
by Magellan was published after
Pigafetta returned to Italy.

Ab o u t t h i s
Book
Let’s Start the
Journey!
 In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet
reached what he called Landrones Island
or the “Island of Thieves”
What is Landrones Island
or the Island of Thieves?
 Presently known as the Marianas
Islands located at South- Southeast
of Japan, West-West Southwest of
Hawaii, North of New Guinea and
East of Philippines.
• Pigafetta reported that they reached
what he called the isle of Zamal, now
Samar but Magellan decided to land in
another inhabited island for a greater
security where they could rest for a few
days.

10
d ay s
fter
 March 18, 1521

• Pigafetta recounted that 9 men came to

them and showed joy and eagerness in
seeing them.
• Locals welcomed them by giving
them their native products such as
fish, figs, cochos (coconut), palm
wine
2d a y s
after
 - He characterized the people as
“very familiar and friendly” and
willingly showed them different islands
and the names of these islands. The
fleet went to Humunu Island
(Homonhon) and there they found
what he referred to as the “Watering
Place of Good Signs” for it is in this
place that they found the first signs of
gold in the island. They named the
island together with a nearby island as
the archipelago of St. Lazarus.
 March 25, 1521
- On March 25, 1521, they left
Homonhon Island and went to
Mazavva/Mazaua Island. Pigafetta
recounted that they saw two balanghai
(balangay), a long boat full of people.
- The leader whom he referred to the
king (Raja Siagu) became closely bonded
with Magellan as they both exchanged gifts
to one another.
• Described this king as the most
handsome of all men that he saw in this
place.
- After few days, Magellan was
introduced to Raja Siagu’s brother who was
also a king of another island where
Pigafetta reported that they saw mines of
gold. The gold was abundant that parts of
the ship and of the house of the king were
made of gold. This king was named Raja
Calambu, king of Zuluan and Calagan
(Butuan and Caragua).
AFTER A FEW
DAYS
 March 29, 1521
- On March 29, 1521, a “kasi-kasi”
blood compact between Magellan and
Raja Calambu sealed an implicit
political pact between Spain and
Philippines. The blood compact is when
Raja Calambu and Magellan drank
each other’s blood mixed with native
wine, Atuba.
 March 31, 1521
- On March 31st (Easter
Sunday), Magellan ordered the
captain to preside a mass by the shore.
The king heard about this plan and
sent two dead pigs and attended the
mass with the other kings. Pigafetta
then wrote:
 March 31, 1521

“when the offertory of the mass came, the

two kings, went to kiss the cross like us,
but they offered nothing, and at the
elevation of the body of our Lord they
were kneeling like us, and adored our Lord
with joined hands.”
This was the first Mass in the
Philippines, and the cross would be
named Magellan’s Cross which is still
preserved at present day. This was the
same cross which Magellan explained
to the kings as a sign of his emperor
who ordered him to plant it in the
places where he would reach and
further explained that once other
Spaniards saw this cross, then they
would know that they had been in this
island and would not cause them
troubles.
• Magellan and his men decided to
move and look for islands where
they could acquire more supplies
and provisions.

• They learned of the islands of Ceylon

(Leyte), Bohol, and Zzubu (Cebu)
and intended to go there.

AFTER 7 DAYS
 By April 7th, Magellan and his men
reached the port of Zzubu (Cebu) with the
help of Raia Calambu who offered to pilot
them in going to the island. The king of
Cebu demanded that they pay tribute as it
was customary but Magellan refused. By
the next day, Magellan’s men and the king
of Cebu, together with other principal men
of Cebu, met in an open space. There the
king offered a bit of his blood and
demanded that Magellan do the same.

April 7
 - On April 14, Magellan spoke to the
king and encouraged him to be a good
Christian by burning all of the idols and
worship the cross instead. The king of
Cebu, Raja Humabon, was then baptized as
a Christian. After 8 days, all of the island’s
inhabitant were already baptized.

- When the queen came to the Mass

one day, Magellan gave her an image of
the Infant Jesus made by Pigafetta
himself.

April 14
 April 22, 1521
• “All of the islands inhabitant were
already baptized. He admitted that they
burned a village down for obeying the
neither the king nor Magellan”.
• The mass conducted by the shore
everyday.
• The king of cebu swore that he would

e r 8
always be faithful to Magellan.
Aft
d ay s
 - On 26th of April, Zula, a
principal man from the island of Matan
(Mactan) welcomed them. But
Cilapulapu, the other chief, refused to
obey the king of Spain.

- Datu Zula, requested the

captain to defeat Cilapulapu which
started the battle.

April 26
 - They numbered 49 in total and
the islanders of Mactan were estimated
to number 1,500.

April 26
THE BATTLE BEGAN
 Aprl 27
Captain told them to give up this losing
battle, but his men insist.

Magellan died in battle on April

27, 1521. He was pierced with a
poison arrow in his right leg. Raja
Humabon who was baptized offered
help but Magellan refused so that he
could see how they fought.
 - Captain told them to give up this
losing battle, but his men insist.
 - The king also offered the people
of Mactan gifts of any value and
amount in exchange of Magellan’s
body but the chief refused and
wanted to keep Magellan’s body as a
memento of their victory.

- Magellan’s men then elected

Duarte Barbosa as the new captian.
 - Pigafetta also accounted how
Magellan’s slave and interpreter
named Henry betrayed them and told
the king of Cebu that they intended to
leave as soon as possible. Henry and
the king of Cebu conspired and
betrayed what was left of Magellan’s
men. The king invited these men to a
gathering where he said he would
present the jewels that he would send
for the King of Spain.
 - Pigafetta was left on board the
ship and was not able to join the 24 men
who went to the gathering because he
was nursing his battle wounds.
THANK YOU!