Module 3, Part 3

Resource Description
Framework and Logic
Plaban Kumar Bhowmick
Assistant Professor
Centre of Excellence in Artificial Intelligence
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Entailment in RDF(S)

 Simple Entailment

 RDF Entailment

 RDFS-Entailment
 Convention of Variable Names

Blank
Predicate Subject Object Literal
Node

𝑎,𝑏 ¿:𝑛 𝑢,𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑙

URI URI URI Litera
Blank Node l
Litera
l
Rules for Simple Entailment

 In simple entailment all URIs are treated equally

 Entailmentis decided based on structural

considerations
𝑢𝑎 𝑥. Novelty Condition:
𝑠𝑒 1 1. If the blank node identified by is not
𝑢 𝑎: 𝑛 . contained in the graph

𝑢𝑎 𝑥 . 2. If is already contained
𝑠𝑒 2 • Rule is applicable if has been
¿:𝑛𝑎 𝑥. introduced by weakening the same
URI, literal or blank node
 Examples of Simple Entailment
Virat is the captain of Indian
Cricket Team
⊨ Indian
captain
Cricket Team has a

𝑒𝑥 : 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥 : 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑂𝑓 𝑒𝑥 : 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑠𝑒 2
¿ : 𝑖𝑑 1 𝑒𝑥 : 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑂𝑓 𝑒𝑥 : 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑚

Ravi Shastri is the mentor of

Virat
⊨
Ravi Shastri mentors
𝑒𝑥 : 𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖 𝑒𝑥 : 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠someone
𝑒𝑥 : 𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡
𝑠𝑒 1
𝑒𝑥 : 𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖 𝑒𝑥 : 𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: 𝑖𝑑 1

𝑒𝑥 :𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑒𝑥 :𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑓
𝑒𝑥 : 𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖 ¿ :𝑖𝑑 1 𝑒𝑥 : 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑚
Ravi mentors the captain of Indian
Team
Example of Simple
Entailment
𝑒𝑥 :𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑒𝑥 :𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑓
𝑒𝑥 : 𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖 ¿ :𝑖𝑑 1 𝑒𝑥 : 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑚
Ravi mentors the captain of Indian
Team
𝑒𝑥 :𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑓
𝑒𝑥 :𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥 : 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑒𝑥 :𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑓
¿ :𝑖𝑑 1 𝑒𝑥 : 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑒𝑥 :𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑒𝑥 :𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑓
𝑒𝑥 : 𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖 ¿ :𝑖𝑑 1 𝑒𝑥 : 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑒𝑥 :𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑓
𝑒𝑥 : 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑇𝑒𝑎𝑚
Theorem: Simple Entailment
A graph simply entails a graph , if can be
extended to a graph by virtue of the rules and
such that is contained in

G1 ⊨ G2
𝒔𝒆 𝟏

𝒔𝒆 𝟐
⊆ ❑
𝐺 ={〈 𝑠 2 𝑖 , 𝑝2 𝑖 , 𝑜2 𝑖 〉 }
2

G’1
′
𝐺 ={〈 𝑠 1𝑖 ,𝑝 1 𝑖 , 𝑜1 𝑖 〉 }
1
Example: Simple Entailment
Theorem
Ronaldo is a Portuguese footballer who has played in Manchester
United having head coach as Alex Ferguson and won the Ballon
d’Or
wikidata:Q11571 wikidata_prop:P166
G1
wikidata:Q166177
wikidata:Q11571
wikidata_prop:P735

wikidata_prop:P1532
wikidata_prop:P735 wikip:P54 wiki:Q18656
wikip:P286

Ronaldo Portugal wiki:Q18656

Example: Simple Entailment
Theorem
Ronaldo is a Portuguese footballer who has played in Manchester
United having head coach as Alex Ferguson and won the Ballon
d’Or
wiki:football_player wikip:award
G1
wiki:Ballon d'Or
wiki:ronaldo
wikip:occupation

wikip:citizenship wikip:member wiki:Alex Ferguson

wikip:given_name
wikip:head_coach

Ronaldo Portugal wiki:Manchester United

Example: Simple Entailment
Theorem

(wiki:ronaldo wikip:given_name “Ronaldo”)

𝐺1 =¿ (wiki:ronaldo
“Portugal”)
(wiki:ronaldo
wikip:citizenship

wikip:occupation
wiki:football_player)
(wiki:ronaldo wikip:award wiki:Ballon
d’Or)
(wiki:ronaldo wikip:member
wiki:Manchester United)
(wiki:Manchester United wikip:head_coach wiki:Alex
Ferguson)
Example: Simple
Entailment
G2
wiki:football_player wikip:award

wiki:Ballon d'Or

wikip:occupation

wikip:member wiki:Alex Ferguson

wikip:head_coach

Ballon d’Or winning Footballer who is a member of a team headed by

Alex Ferguson
Example: Simple Entailment
Theorem

(_:id1 wikip:occupation

𝐺 2=¿ wiki:football_player)
(_:id1
(_:id1
wikip:award
wikip:member
wiki:Ballon d’Or)
_:id2)
(_:id2 wikip:head_coach wiki:Alex Ferguson)
 Example: Simple Entailment
Theorem
𝑢𝑎 𝑥 𝑢𝑎 𝑥
𝑠𝑒 1
𝑠𝑒 2 𝑢 𝑎: 𝑛
¿:𝑛𝑎 𝑦
(wiki:ronaldo wikip:given_name
′
𝐺 =¿
1
“Ronaldo”)
(wiki:ronaldo
“Portugal”)
wikip:citizenship

(wiki:ronaldo wikip:occupation
wiki:football_player)
(wiki:ronaldo wikip:award
wiki:Ballon d’Or)
′
𝐺2⊆ 𝐺
(wiki:ronaldo wikip:member
wiki:Manchester United)
1 (wiki:Manchester United wikip:head_coach
wiki:Alex Ferguson)
(_:id1 wikip:occupation
wiki:football_player)
RDF Entailment

 Some URIs have special meanings

 Simple intrepretation does not semantically distinguish
between ex:publishedBy and rdf:type

 Special URIs in vocabulary

 rdf:type, rdf:Property, rdf:XMLLiteral, rdf:nil …..
RDF Entailment Rules
RDF Axiomatic Triples

❑ 𝑟𝑑𝑓𝑎𝑥
𝑢𝑎 𝑥
RDF Entailment Rules

𝑢𝑎 𝑙.
Literal 𝑙𝑔
Generalization 𝑢 𝑎: 𝑛 .

𝑢𝑎 𝑦 .
Property Rule 𝑟𝑑𝑓 1
𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑓 : 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑟𝑑𝑓 : 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 .

𝑢𝑎𝑙 .
Literal Rule 𝑟𝑑𝑓 2
¿ :𝑛𝑟𝑑𝑓 :𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑟𝑑𝑓 : 𝑋𝑀𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 .
Theorem: RDF
Entailment
A graph RDF entails a graph , if can be
extended to a graph by virtue of the rules ,
and such that simply entails

𝒍𝒈
G1 ⊨ G2
𝒓𝒅𝒇𝒂𝒙
𝒓𝒅𝒇 𝟏 t ails
En
𝒓𝒅𝒇 𝟐
G’1 Si ⊨
m
pl
e
Rules for RDFS
Entailment
 RDFS axiomatic triple

 Entailment
rule
❑ 𝑟𝑑𝑓𝑠𝑎𝑥
𝑢𝑎 𝑥
Axiomatic RDFS Triples (1/3)
 The following triples are always RDFS-entailed:

 rdf:type rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource.

 rdfs:domain rdfs:domain rdf:Property.
 rdfs:range rdfs:domain rdf:Property.
 rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:domain rdf:Property.
 rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:domain rdf:Class.
 rdf:subject rdfs:domain rdf:Statement.
 rdf:predicate rdfs:domain rdf:Statement.
 rdf:object rdfs:domain rdf:Statement.
 rdfs:member rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource.
 rdf:first rdfs:domain rdf:List.
 rdf:rest rdfs:domain rdf:List.
 rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource .
 rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource.
 rdfs:comment rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource.
 rdfs:label rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource.
 rdf:value rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource.
Axiomatic RDFS Triples (2/3)
 The following triples are always RDFS-entailed:

 rdf:type rdfs:range rdfs:Class.

 rdfs:domain rdfs:range rdfs:Class.
 rdfs:range rdfs:range rdfs:Class.
 rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:range rdf:Property.
 rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:range rdfs:Class.
 rdf:subject rdfs:range rdfs:Resource.
 rdf:predicate rdfs:range rdfs:Resource.
 rdf:object rdfs:range rdfs:Resrouce.
 rdfs:member rdfs:range rdfs:Resource.
 rdf:first rdfs:range rdfs:Resource.
 rdf:rest rdfs:range rdf:List.
 rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:range rdfs:Resource .
 rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:range rdfs:Resource.
 rdfs:comment rdfs:range rdfs:Literal.
 rdfs:label rdfs:range rdfs:Literal.
 rdf:value rdfs:range rdfs:Resource.
Axiomatic RDFS Triples (3/3)
 The following triples are always RDFS-entailed:

 rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty rdfs:subClassOf rdf:Property.

 rdf:Alt rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Container.
 rdf:Bag rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Container.
 rdf:Seq rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Container.

 rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:seeAlso.

 rdf:XMLLiteral rdf:type rdfs:Datatype.

 rdf:XMLLiteral rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Literal.
 rdfs:Datatype rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Class.

 rdf:_1 rdf:type rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty.

 rdf:_1 rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource.
 rdf:_1 rdfs:range rdfs:Resource.
 rdf:_2 rdf:type rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty.
 rdf:_2 rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource.
 rdf:_2 rdfs:range rdfs:Resource.
 …
Rules for RDFS
Entailment
 Rule for Literal

 Property restriction
 (domain restr)

 (range restr)
Rules for RDFS
Entailment
 Everything is a resource
Rules for RDFS
Entailment
 Subproperty rule
 Subproperty is transitive

 Subproperty is reflexive

 Inheritance in property hierarchy

Rules for RDFS
Entailment
 Subclasses
 Every class is a subclass of rdfs:Resource

 Inheritance in class hierarchy

 Subclass is reflexive

 Subclass is transitive (same as

subproperty case)
▪ rdfs11
Rules for RDFS
Entailment
 Container
 rdfs:member is a superproperty of all
properties contained in
rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty
12
rdfs:ContainerMembershipPr
operty
rdf:Property

rdfs:subClassO
f
rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty

rdf:type

pe
e
yp

ty
t

:
f:

rdf
rd

rdf:_1 rdf:type
rdf:_2 rdf:_n

rdfs:subPropertyOf

rdfs:member
Theorem: RDFS
Entailment
A graph RDFS entails a graph , if can be
extended to a graph by virtue of the rules , as
well as to and such that simply entails

𝒈𝒍
𝒍𝒈 G1 ⊨ G2
𝒓𝒅𝒇𝒂𝒙
𝒓𝒅𝒇 𝟏 t ails
En
𝒓𝒅𝒇 𝟐
𝒓𝒅𝒇 𝟏−𝟏𝟑 G’1 Si ⊨
m
pl
e
RDFS Deduction
Example
rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty

rdf:type

:CricketTeam :hasTeamMember :AllRounder

rdfs:subPropertyOf
rdfs:domain rdfs:range

:SmartPhoneCompany :hasAllrounderMember

RDF
S
rdf:type RDF

:Sponsors :hasAllrounderMember
:Oppo :IndianCricketTeam :Hardik
Input Graph ()

:Oppo rdf:type :Company.

:Oppo :Sponsors :IndianCricketTeam

:IndianCricketTeam :hasAllrounderMember :Hardik.

:hasAllrounderMember rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasTeamMember.

:hasAllrounderMember rdfs:domain :CricketTeam.

:hasAllrounderMember rdfs:range :AllRounder.

:hasTeamMember rdf:type rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty.

Query Graph ()

:SmartPhoneCompany :AllRounder

rdf:type rdf:type

:Sponsors rdfs:member

Is there a smartphone company that sponsors something that has

an allrounder in the team?
RDFS Entailment
Deduction

:IndianCricketTeam :hasAllrounderMember :Hardik.

:hasAllrounderMember rdfs:range :AllRounder.

:Hardik rdf:type :AllRounder.

RDFS Entailment
Deduction

:hasTeamMember rdf:type rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty.

:hasTeamMember rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:member.

12
RDFS Entailment
Deduction

:hasAllRounderMember rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasTeamMember.

:hasTeamMember rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:member.

:hasAllRounderMember rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:member.

RDFS Entailment
Deduction

:hasAllRoundMember rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:member.

:IndianCricketTeam :hasAllronderMember :Hardik.

:IndianCricketTeam rdfs:member :Hardik.

𝑎 𝑟𝑑𝑓𝑠 : 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦𝑂𝑓 𝑏 . 𝑢 𝑎 𝑦 .
𝑟𝑑𝑓𝑠 7
𝑢𝑏 𝑦 .
RDFS Entailment Deduction

:SmartPhoneCompany

rdf:type

:Sponsors
_:n _:n1
RDFS Entailment
Deduction
:IndianCricketTeam :h𝑎𝑠𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑀𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 : 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑘
_ :n 1 :h𝑎𝑠𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑀𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 : 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑘 se2

:IndianCricketTeam 𝑟𝑑𝑓𝑠 :𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 : 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑘

¿
¿ 𝑛 1 :𝑟𝑑𝑓𝑠 :𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 : 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑘
¿ se2

¿ 𝑛 1:𝑟𝑑𝑓𝑠 :𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 : 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑘

¿ :𝑛 1 𝑟𝑑𝑓𝑠 :𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 : 𝑛 2 se1

: 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑘 𝑟𝑑𝑓 :𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 : 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

¿ :𝑛 2 𝑟𝑑𝑓 :𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 : 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
se2
RDFS Entailment Deduction

:SmartPhoneCompany :AllRounder

rdf:type rdf:type

:Sponsors rdfs:member
:hasAllrounderMember
_:n _:n1 :Hardik
_:n2
RDFS Entailment
Deduction
:Oppo rdf:type :Company.
:Oppo :Sponsors :IndianCricketTeam.
:IndianCricketTeam :hasAllrounderMember :Hardik.
:hasAllrounderMember rdfs:subPropertyOf :hasTeamMember.
:hasAllrounderMember rdfs:domain :CricketTeam.
:hasAllrounderMember rdfs:range :AllRounder.
:hasTeamMember rdf:type rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty.
_:n rdf:type :SmartPhoneCompany
_:n :sponsors :IndianCricketTeam
_:n :sponsors _:n1
_:n1 rdfs:member :Hardik
_:n1 :hasAllroundMember :Hardik
:Hardik rdf:type :Allrounder
_:n1 rdfs:member _:n2
_:n2 rdf:type :Allrounder ′
𝐺 1
RDFS Entailment
Deduction
_:n rdf:type :SmartPhoneCompany
_:n :sponsors _:n1
_:n1 rdfs:member _:n2 𝐺2
_:n2 rdf:type :Allrounder

′
𝐺2⊆ 𝐺 1
Coming Up Next…..

SPARQL
SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query
Language