FORMULATING

RECOMMENDATIONS
BASED ON
CONCLUSIONS
 CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES,
AND ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Prieto, et.al. (2017) stated that the following are the major
characteristics of research:
1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and
experiments of theories.
An example of an empirical approach can be found in
the scientific method used in the field of psychology.
Example: The Effect of Sleep on Cognitive Performance
 Hypothesis: Adequate sleep improves cognitive
performance in adults.
 Observation: Researchers notice that individuals who
report better sleep seem to perform better on cognitive
tasks during the day.

 Experiment: To test this hypothesis, researchers

design an experiment where one group of participants
gets a full 8 hours of sleep, while a control group only
gets 4 hours.

 Data Collection: After observing the sleep conditions,

both groups are given a series of cognitive tasks to
assess memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.
 Results: The researchers collect data on the
performance of both groups, observing that the group
with adequate sleep consistently scores higher on
cognitive tests.

 Conclusion: Based on the empirical data collected from

the experiment, researchers can conclude that adequate
sleep has a positive effect on cognitive performance.

This methodology demonstrates an empirical approach

because it relies on observations and data collected
through controlled experiments rather than purely
theoretical reasoning.
2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential
procedures, based on valid procedures and
principles.

A good example of a systematic approach can be

found in the scientific method, which is used in
research and experimentation. Here’s how it
follows orderly and sequential procedures based
on valid principles:
The Scientific Method
 Observation: Researchers start by observing
phenomena and identifying a specific question or
problem they want to address. This step is crucial
as it lays the groundwork for the entire study.

 Hypothesis Formation: Based on the

observations, a hypothesis (a testable prediction)
is formulated. This step is guided by existing
knowledge and principles related to the field of
study.
 Experimentation: A structured experiment is
designed to test the hypothesis. This includes
defining the variables, creating a control group,
and deciding on the methods of data collection.
The procedure is detailed and should be
replicable.

 Data Collection: During the experiment, data is

systematically collected according to the pre-
established methods. This ensures that the data
is valid and reliable.
 Analysis: The collected data is analyzed using
statistical methods to determine if there is
significant support for the hypothesis. This step
must follow rigorous principles of data analysis.

 Conclusion: Based on the analysis, a conclusion

is drawn about the validity of the hypothesis.
Researchers will discuss whether the results
support or refute the hypothesis.
 Communication: Finally, the findings are
documented and shared with the broader
community through publications, presentations,
or reports. This step adheres to established
standards and ethics in research.

 Further Research: Often, conclusions lead to

more questions and hypotheses, creating a
continuous cycle of research. This systematic
approach ensures that new inquiries build on
previous work.
Summary

Each step in the scientific method is

methodical and follows an orderly sequence,
ensuring that the process is based on
repeatable, valid scientific principles. This
systematic nature is what allows for
consistent and reliable investigation into
natural phenomena.
3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables, except those that
are tested/ experimented on, are kept constant.

Let's consider an example of a controlled experiment in a

research study investigating the effect of sunlight on plant
growth.

Experiment Overview:
Objective: To determine how different amounts of sunlight affect
the growth of a particular type of plant (e.g., tomato plants).

Controlled Variables:
To ensure that the experiment is controlled, the researcher would
keep the following variables constant:
Soil type: All plants are grown in the same type
of soil with identical properties (pH, nutrient
content, etc.).

Watering: All plants receive the same amount of

water each day.

Temperature: The plants are kept in an

environment with a constant temperature,
preferably in a greenhouse where temperature
variations can be controlled.
Plant age: All plants used in the experiment are
of the same age and health status.

Container size: All plants are grown in pots of

the same size to ensure similar root space.

Fertilizer: If fertilizer is used, all plants receive

the same type and amount of fertilizer.
Plant age: All plants used in the experiment are
of the same age and health status.

Container size: All plants are grown in pots of

the same size to ensure similar root space.

Fertilizer: If fertilizer is used, all plants receive

the same type and amount of fertilizer.
Independent Variable:

 The amount of sunlight the plants receive (e.g.,

full sunlight, partial sunlight, and no sunlight).

Dependent Variable:

 Thegrowth of the plants (measured in height,

biomass, or number of leaves).
Conclusion:

By controlling all other variables except sunlight,

the researcher can determine whether changes in
sunlight exposure directly affect plant growth. This
controlled setup helps isolate the impact of
sunlight and reduces the risk of confounding
factors influencing the results.
4. EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search
for facts, answers to questions and solutions to
problems.

Here's an example of employing a hypothesis in a

research context:

Scenario: A school district is observing a decline

in student performance in mathematics over the
last few years. To understand and address this
issue, they decide to conduct a study.
Hypothesis: "The decline in student performance
in mathematics is related to a lack of access to
quality instructional materials and resources."

Search for Facts & Answers:

Data Collection: The school district collects data

on the types of instructional materials used in
mathematics classes across different schools. They
also gather information on access to technology,
tutoring programs, and teacher training in math
Surveys and Interviews: They conduct surveys
with teachers to understand their perceptions of
the materials available and their effectiveness.
They also interview students and parents to
gather more insights into their experiences and
challenges.

Performance Analysis: The district analyzes

standardized test scores in mathematics over the
years, correlating them with the quality and
availability of resources in each school.
Solutions to Problems:
Based on the findings from the above research,
they can implement solutions such as:

 Allocating budget for new instructional materials

that are proven effective.
 Providing professional development for teachers
to improve their instructional strategies in math.
 Establishing after-school tutoring programs to
support students who are lagging.
By employing this hypothesis-driven approach,
the school district systematically investigates the
issue, leading to actionable insights and potential
solutions to improve student performance in
mathematics.
5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in
gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive,
and or case study.

Below is an example of an analytical approach to

gathering data, using a case study format. This
example focuses on the impact of remote work on
employee productivity during the COVID-19
pandemic.
Title: The Impact of Remote Work on Employee
Productivity: A Case Study of Tech Companies
During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction
This study examines how the shift to remote work
during the COVID-19 pandemic affected employee
productivity in the tech industry. By employing
historical data, descriptive analysis, and case
studies, we aim to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the implications of remote work
arrangements.
Methodology

Historical Data Analysis

We collected historical data on employee
productivity from various tech companies before
and during the pandemic. Sources included
annual performance reports, employee surveys,
and productivity metrics from 2018 to 2021. This
data helped establish a baseline for productivity
levels prior to the remote work transition.
Descriptive Analysis

To analyze the current state of employee

productivity during remote work, we conducted
surveys across multiple tech companies to gather
descriptive data on employee experiences.
Questions focused on productivity levels, work-life
balance, job satisfaction, and communication
effectiveness. We used statistical methods to
quantify relationships between remote work
conditions and productivity metrics.
Case Studies

Three tech companies were selected for in-depth

case studies: Company A (a large software firm),
Company B (a medium-sized startup), and
Company C (an established IT service provider).
Each case study involved:
 Conductinginterviews with employees and
management to gather qualitative data on their
experiences with remote work.

 Analyzing internal reports and KPIs related to

productivity before and after the transition to
remote work.

 Reviewing any implemented tools or strategies to

support remote work, such as collaboration
software, flexible hours, and mental health
 Conductinginterviews with employees and
management to gather qualitative data on their
experiences with remote work.

 Analyzing internal reports and KPIs related to

productivity before and after the transition to
remote work.

 Reviewing any implemented tools or strategies to

support remote work, such as collaboration
software, flexible hours, and mental health
Findings
 Historical Trends: Initial analysis showed a productivity
increase of 15% in Company A during Q2 2020
compared to Q2 2019, while Company B experienced
a slight decline. Company C maintained productivity
levels consistent with pre-pandemic metrics.

 Survey Results: Descriptive analysis revealed that

67% of employees reported feeling more productive
while working from home, citing fewer distractions.
However, 30% experienced feelings of isolation that
affected their motivation.
Case Study Insights:

 Company A adopted comprehensive support measures,

including regular check-ins and mental wellness
programs, which contributed to sustained productivity.
 Company B, with a less structured remote strategy,
faced challenges with communication, resulting in a
decrease in teamwork efficiency and productivity.
 Company C implemented a hybrid model that allowed
for flexibility while maintaining office connections,
which balanced productivity gains from remote work
with benefits of in-person collaboration.
Conclusion

The case study illustrates varied impacts of

remote work on employee productivity within the
tech industry. Historical data combined with
descriptive analysis and qualitative case studies
provides valuable insights that can guide future
remote work policies. Organizations should
consider tailored support systems and flexible
arrangements to maximize productivity while
addressing employee well-being.
This example demonstrates the use of analytical
procedures in gathering and analyzing data
through historical comparison, descriptive
surveys, and in-depth case studies to understand
a specific phenomenon.
6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically
based on real-life situations.

Here’s an example of an objective analysis based on a real-life

situation:

Objective Analysis: Impact of Remote Work on Employee

Productivity

Objective: To assess the impact of remote work on employee

productivity without personal bias.

Situation: The COVID-19 pandemic forced many organizations to

transition to remote work. This led to concerns regarding employee
productivity and work-life balance.
Findings:

Productivity Metrics:

A study conducted by Stanford University in

2020 found that remote workers were 13%
more productive than their in-office
counterparts. This was attributed to quieter
work environments and fewer interruptions.
Employee Survey Data:

A survey by Buffer in 2021 indicated that

97% of participants wanted to continue
working remotely at least part-time, citing
benefits such as reduced commuting time
and increased flexibility. These factors are
logical contributors to enhanced
productivity, as they allow employees to
manage work-life responsibilities better.
This analysis is objective as it is based on
data, studies,
studies,and real-life situations
This analysis is objective as it is based on data,
and real-life situations without personal

without personal opinions or biases.

opinions or biases.
Challenges Identified:

Despite the benefits, challenges such as

feelings of isolation and difficulties in
communication arose. A survey from
Deloitte found that 31% of remote workers
experienced burnout, which can negatively
impact productivity.
Industry Variance:

The impact of remote work on productivity

can vary by industry. For example, tech
companies reported higher productivity
rates, whereas sectors requiring in-person
collaboration, such as manufacturing,
experienced a decline in overall efficiency.
Conclusion:
The analysis shows that, on average,
remote work can lead to increased
productivity due to fewer distractions and
more flexible working conditions. However,
it is important to recognize the potential
challenges and differences across industries.
Companies considering a permanent remote
or hybrid work model should weigh these
factors to make informed decisions.
This analysis is objective as it is based on
data, studies, and real-life situations
without personal opinions or biases.
7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own
examination and produces the data
needed to complete the study.

Here's an example of an original work that meets

the given condition:

Title: A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Two

Different Fertilization Methods on Plant Growth
and Yield.
Original Work Description:

This study involves designing an

experiment where researchers will grow
identical plants in controlled environments
using two different fertilization methods
(Method A and Method B). The variables
measured will include plant height, leaf
area, root growth, and yield.
Original Work Components:

Experiment Design: This involves creating a detailed

plan, including the setup, materials, and procedures for
the fertilization experiment. Researchers will need to
ensure that all variables are controlled except for the
fertilizer treatments to isolate the effect of the
fertilizers on the plants.

Data Collection: Researchers will collect data on plant

growth, including measurements of height, leaf area,
and root growth, as well as the yield after the plants
Data Analysis:
Researchers will use statistical methods
to compare the results obtained from the
two fertilization methods. They will
perform descriptive statistics (mean,
standard deviation, etc.) to summarize
the data and inferential statistics (ANOVA,
t-test, etc.) to make conclusions about the
differences between the fertilization
methods.
Reporting Results:

Researchers will produce a written report

of the study, detailing the methods used,
data collected, analysis performed, and
conclusions drawn. The report will include
visual aids such as tables, figures, and
graphs to illustrate the data and facilitate
the understanding of the results.
Benefits of Original Work:
This original work provides a unique
dataset for a specific study, which will
enable the researchers to examine the
relationship between the two different
fertilization methods and their effects on
plant growth and yield. The data collected
will enable them to answer research
questions and make conclusions about the
efficacy of Method A and Method B.
Key Characteristics:
This original work has the following characteristics
that align with the given condition:

Original: This research involves designing an

entirely new experiment with its own procedures,
variables, and data collection methods.
Requires Its Own Examination and Data
Production: The study requires original data
collection and analysis, which will be used to answer
research questions and support conclusions.
Produces the Data Needed to
Complete the Study: The experiment
will produce the data needed to compare
the efficacy of Method A and Method B.

Therefore, this original work serves as an

example of an original work that meets
the given condition.
End……