Lecture 2 Microelectronics
Lecture 2 Microelectronics
MICROELECTRONIC DEVICES
AND CIRCUITS
❖carrier mobility and transport mechanisms
✔If a silicon block is n-type or p-type doped,
✔The zigzag motion of electrons or holes as a result of collision
defines Scattering
✔Scattering comes about due to imperfections in the crystal
caused by ionized impurities and vibrating atoms.
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• The region where field increases but velocity remains constant
is the velocity saturation point.
• At the velocity saturation point, there is a high field transport
✔The ability of charge carriers (electrons and holes) to move
through the material under an electric field defines mobility.
o P-Type Region
• Contains holes (positive charge carriers) as the majority
carriers.
✔Zener Diode:
• Operates in reverse bias and maintains a constant voltage
across its terminals when breakdown occurs.
✔Light-Emitting Diode (LED):
• Emits light when current flows through it in the forward direction.
❖Applications of Diodes
• Rectification:
• Converting AC to DC in power supplies.
• Voltage Regulation:
• Zener diodes are used to maintain a stable voltage.
• Signal Demodulation:
• Extracting information from modulated signals in radios and
TVs.
• Switching:
• Used in digital circuits and high-frequency applications.
• Light Emission:
• LEDs are used in displays, indicators, and lighting.
❖Advantages
• Simple construction.
• Small size and low cost.
• Wide range of applications.
❖Disadvantages
• Nonlinearity: Cannot conduct equally in both directions.
• Voltage drops reduce efficiency in some circuits.
• Sensitivity to temperature and excessive voltage.