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Chapter-1 (Basics of Computer

The document provides an overview of computer systems, defining a computer as an electronic device that processes data and highlighting its characteristics such as speed, accuracy, and versatility. It traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices to modern digital systems, detailing significant inventions and the transition through five generations of technology. Key figures in computer history, such as Charles Babbage and John Von Neumann, are mentioned, along with examples of early computers and advancements in technology.

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11 views21 pages

Chapter-1 (Basics of Computer

The document provides an overview of computer systems, defining a computer as an electronic device that processes data and highlighting its characteristics such as speed, accuracy, and versatility. It traces the evolution of computers from early mechanical devices to modern digital systems, detailing significant inventions and the transition through five generations of technology. Key figures in computer history, such as Charles Babbage and John Von Neumann, are mentioned, along with examples of early computers and advancements in technology.

Uploaded by

jainsamyak640
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of Computer System

CHAPTER -1

1
Computer

• The word computer comes from


“compute”, which means, “to calculate”.
• A computer is an electronic device that
can perform arithmetic operations at high
speed.
• A computer is also called a data
processor because it can store, process,
and retrieve data whenever desired.
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Data Processing

• The activity of processing data using a computer is called


data processing.

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• Data Capture Data Manipulate Data Output Results
Information Data is raw material used as input and
information is processed data obtained as output of
data processing.

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Characteristics of Computer

1) Automatic: Given a job, the computer can work on it


automatically without human interventions
2) Speed: The computer can perform data processing jobs very
fast, usually measured in microseconds (10-6), nanoseconds (10-
9), and picoseconds (10-12)
3) Accuracy: The accuracy of a computer is consistently high
and the degree of its accuracy depends upon its design.
Computer errors caused due to incorrect input data or unreliable
programs are often referred to as Garbage In-Garbage-Out
(GIGO)

5
4) Diligence: The computer is free from monotony,
tiredness, and lack of concentration. It can
continuously work for hours without creating any
errors and without grumbling
5) Versatility: The computer can perform almost any
task if the task can be reduced to a finite series of
logical steps.
6) Power of Remembering: The computer can store
and recall any amount of information because of its
secondary storage capability. It forgets or loses certain
information only when it is asked to do so
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• 7) No I.Q.: A computer does only what it is
programmed to do. It cannot make its own
decision in this regard
• 8) No Feelings: Computers are devoid of
emotions. Their judgment is based on the
instructions given to them in the form of
programs that are written by us (human
beings)

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Evolution of Computer

• Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding


machine in 1642 .
• Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the
first calculator for multiplication in 1671 .
• Keyboard machines originated in the United States
around 1880 .
• Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the
concept of punched cards that were extensively used
as input media until late 1970s

8
Evolution of Computer

• Charles Babbage, a nineteenth-century professor at


Cambridge University is considered to be the father
of modern digital computers.
• He designed the “Difference Engine” in 1822 that
could produce reliable tables.
• He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in
1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions
• His efforts established a number of principles that
are fundamental to the design of any digital
computer.

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A major drawback of the early automatic calculating
machines was that their programs were wired on
boards which made it difficult to change programs.
In the 1940s, Dr. John Von Neumann Introduced the
“stored programs” concepts that helped in overcoming
hard-wired program problems.
The basic idea behind this concept is that a sequence of
instructions and data is stored in the memory of a
computer for automatically directing flow of
operations.

10
Some well known Early Computer

• The Mark I Computer (1937-44) .


• The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)(1939-42) .
• The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ENIAC
(1943-46).
• The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
(EDVAC) (1946-52).
• The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
(EDSAC) (1947-49).
• Manchester Mark I (1948).
• The Universal Automatic Computer One (UNIVAC I) (1951)
• IBM-701
• IBM-650

11
Computer Generations
• Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a
framework for the growth of the computer industry
• Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware
technologies, but now it has been extended to include both
hardware and software.
• Till today, there are five computer generations

12
• First Generation (1940s-1950s): The first computers used
vacuum tubes for processing and magnetic drums for storage.
They were large, expensive, and unreliable.
• Few Examples are:
• ENIAC
• EDVAC
• UNIVAC
• IBM-701
• Second Generation (1950s-1960s): The second generation
of computers replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making
them smaller, faster, and more reliable. Magnetic core memory
was also introduced, which was faster and more reliable than
magnetic drums.
• Few Examples are:
• Honeywell 400
• IBM 7094
• CDC 1604
• CDC 3600
• UNIVAC 1108

13
• Third Generation (1960s-1970s): The third generation of
computers used integrated circuits, which allowed for even
smaller and faster computers. They also introduced magnetic disk
storage and operating systems.
• Few Examples are:
• PDP-8
• PDP-11
• ICL 2900
• IBM 360
• IBM 370
• Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s): The fourth generation of
computers saw the introduction of microprocessors, which made
personal computers possible. They also introduced graphical user
interfaces and networking.
• Few Examples are:
• IBM 4341
• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PUP 11

14
• Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): The fifth
generation of computers is still ongoing, and is
focused on artificial intelligence and parallel
processing. This generation also saw the
development of mobile computing and the
internet.
• Few Examples are:
• Desktop
• Laptop
• NoteBook
• UltraBook
• Chromebook

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Electronic Devices used in different Generations

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Keywords

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