Expert Lecture

On
Wireless Sensor Networks
Presented By

Dr. Vicky Kumar

Assistant Professor
E&CED, Jawahar Lal Nehru Government Engineering College Sundernagar ,
Himachal Pradesh , India

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Outline
Introduction
Architecture of wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
Applications of WSNs
Challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
References

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Wireless Sensor Networks

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Introduction
 A sensor network is composed of a large number of
sensor nodes, which are densely deployed either
inside the phenomenon or very close to it.
Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational
capacities and memory.
Sensors fall under the umbrella type
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
MEMS sensors have the advantage that they can be
produced to consume ultralow power.

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Components of a Sensor Node

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Cont……..

Figure Working environment of WSN [1]

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Cont……..
Sensor design provides tradeoff between
functionality and power consumption.
Sensor nodes use short-range communication to
transmit data to base station.
Base station having infinite source (wired connection
or rechargeable) of energy and uses long range
communication such as GPRS or satellite to transmit
collected data to server.
Topology of a sensor network changes frequently.

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Cont……
A node devours energy mainly in sensing and transmission or
reception by radio.
The radio also devours energy when listening.
The ratio of energy consumption during listen: receive:
transmit is 1:1.05:1.4 given in [38] and more latest studies
exhibit that the ratio is 1:1.2:1.7 [39].
If the time required for acquiring the data is larger than the
transmission time, subsequently the power consumption is
more than the data transmission.

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Types of Nodes
mica mica2 mica2dot micaz

telos telosb rene2 pc

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Mica 2 Motes
 These motes sold by Crossbow were originally
developed at the University of California
Berkeley.

 The MICA2 motes are based on the

ATmega128L AVR microprocessor. The motes MICA 2 MOTE
run using Tiny OS as the operating system.

 Mica2 mote is one of the most popular and

commercially available sensors which are
marketed by CrossBow technologies.

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Architecture of Wireless Sensor Networks

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Why Use a WSN
Ease of deployment
Drop and play

Low-cost of deployment
Nodes are built using off-the-shelf cheap components

Human involvement is not required

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Types of Deployment
Structured versus randomized deployment
Over-deployment versus incremental deployment
Homogeneous versus heterogeneous deployment

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Network Topology
Single-hop star
Multi-hop mesh and hierarchical

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Challenges in WSN
Fault tolerance
Scalability
Environment
Transmission media
Power consumption
Topology control
Security
Energy Hole
Coverage and Connectivity
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 WSN Applications
Environmental applications
 Forest fire detection
 Flood detection
 Precision agriculture

Home and commercial applications

 Home and office automation
 Vehicle tracking and detection
 Smart cities implementation

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WSNs applications
Military applications
Battlefield surveillance
Battle damage assessment
Border security
Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection

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WSNs applications

Health applications
• Tele-monitoring of human physiological data.
• Drug administration in hospitals.
• Sensors can be attached to people for health monitoring which may
include heart rate, blood pressure etc.

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Zoo or Animals Monitoring
The ZebraNet Project Collar-mounted sensors monitor zebra
movement in Kenya

Source: Margaret Martonosi, Princeton University

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Traffic Management & Monitoring
 Future cars could use
wireless sensors to:
 Handle Accidents
 Handle Thefts

Sensors embedded
in the roads to:
– Monitor traffic flows
– Provide real-time
route updates
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Radio Model

Figure 4. Radio energy dissipation model [19]

ETx(k,d) = { kEelec + kεfd2} d≤λ λ=

{ kEelec + kεfd4} d≥λ

ERx(K) = { keelec }
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Data Collection using Static Sink

Fig. Data Collection in WSN

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Adhoc Networks

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WSN VS Adhoc

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Data collection using Mobile Sink
Mobile sink
Mobile data collector
Rendezvous based mobility

Fig. Data collection using mobility

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Mobile sink in WSNs

Fig. Mobile sink example

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Energy Saving Methods (Clustering)
To support high scalability and better data aggregation, sensor
nodes are often grouped into disjoint and mostly non-
overlapping subsets called clusters.
In the clustering, each cluster has a leader, which is called as
cluster head (CH) and it performs the tasks like fusion or
aggregation of data.
The sensor nodes in a particular cluster periodically transmit
their data to the CH.
CH nodes aggregate the data and transmit to the Base Station
(BS) either using single-hopping or multi-hopping
communication.
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The communication between CH and nodes is called intra-
cluster communication and communication between CHs and
base station is called inter-cluster communication.

Figure Phases in single round of clustering techniques

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Figure 22 Clustering in WSNs with inter and intra cluster communication
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Why clustering in WSNs?
Clustering enables bandwidth reuse.
Minimum flooding, routes and routing loops.
It facilitates data aggression/data fusion.
It is robust to changes .
Clustering support sink mobility.
It reduces data collisions between the nodes.

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Localization
To provide location stamps
To locate and track point objects in the environment.
To achieve load balancing determine the quality of
coverage
To form clusters
To facilitate routing
To perform efficient spatial querying

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Software used for Simulations
Network Simulator (NS) 2/3 (Open source)
Netsim Version 11/12
Matlab
 OMNet++
QualNet

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 References
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Industry: A Survey”, IEEE transactions on intelligent transportation systems, pp 1-19, 2014.
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 References
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 References
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 Thank You

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