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Lecture 1 Introduction Biochemistry

The document outlines the syllabus for a biochemistry course, covering topics such as amino acids, protein structure, enzymes, and metabolism. It discusses the chemical context of life, emphasizing the importance of elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, as well as functional groups crucial for biochemical processes. Additionally, it explains various types of bonds and interactions in biological molecules, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic effects.

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4 views22 pages

Lecture 1 Introduction Biochemistry

The document outlines the syllabus for a biochemistry course, covering topics such as amino acids, protein structure, enzymes, and metabolism. It discusses the chemical context of life, emphasizing the importance of elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, as well as functional groups crucial for biochemical processes. Additionally, it explains various types of bonds and interactions in biological molecules, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic effects.

Uploaded by

mohasaa30
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biochemistry

Lecture 1

1
You may sleep
!However, Be quiet

2
Syllabus
Amino Acids

Protein structure & function

Protein purification

Enzymes

Carbohydrates

Glycolysis

TCA and OxPhos

Gluconeogenesis

Lipids

Fatty Acids metabolism


3
Levels of organization in a living organism
Atoms

Complex biological molecules

Organelles

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ system

Complex organisms
4
The chemical context of life

Only a small subset of the known elements are found in living


systems.

Carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N). These four
elements make up 96% of an organism’s weight.

Phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and a few
other elements account for the most remaining 4% of an organism’s
weight.

5
The Functional Groups Most Important in the Processes of Life

A few of the functional groups that are common in biochemistry

- Hydroxyl group
- Carbonyl group
- Carboxyl group
- Amino group
- Sulfhydryl group
- Phosphate group

6
Figure 4.9a

Hydroxyl

STRUCTURE Alcohols NAME OF


(Their specific COMPOUND
names usually
(may be written end in -ol.)
HO—)

EXAMPLE • Is polar as a result FUNCTIONAL


of the electrons PROPERTIES
spending more
time near the
electronegative
oxygen atom.
Ethanol • Can form hydrogen
bonds with water
molecules, helping
dissolve organic
compounds such
as sugars.

7
Figure 4.9b

Carbonyl

STRUCTURE Ketones if the carbonyl NAME OF


group is within a COMPOUND
carbon skeleton
Aldehydes if the carbonyl
group is at the end of the
carbon skeleton

EXAMPLE • A ketone and an FUNCTIONAL


aldehyde may be PROPERTIES
structural isomers
with different properties,
as is the case for
acetone and propanal.
• Ketone and aldehyde
Acetone groups are also found
in sugars, giving rise
to two major groups
of sugars: ketoses
(containing ketone
groups) and aldoses
(containing aldehyde
8 Propanal groups).
Figure 4.9c

Carboxyl

STRUCTURE Carboxylic acids, or organic NAME OF


acids COMPOUND

EXAMPLE • Acts as an acid; can FUNCTIONAL


donate an H+ because the PROPERTIES
covalent bond between
oxygen and hydrogen is so
polar:

Acetic acid

Nonionized Ionized

• Found in cells in the ionized


form with a charge of 1– and
9 called a carboxylate ion.
Figure 4.9d

Amino

STRUCTURE Amines NAME OF


COMPOUND

EXAMPLE • Acts as a base; can FUNCTIONAL


pick up an H+ from the PROPERTIES
surrounding solution
(water, in living
organisms):

Glycine

Nonionized Ionized

• Found in cells in the


ionized form with a
10 charge of 1.
Figure 4.9e

Sulfhydryl

STRUCTURE Thiols NAME OF


COMPOUND

(may be
written HS—)

EXAMPLE • Two sulfhydryl groups can FUNCTIONAL


react, forming a covalent PROPERTIES
bond. This “cross-linking”
helps stabilize protein
structure.

Cysteine

11
Figure 4.9f

Phosphate

STRUCTURE Organic phosphates NAME OF


COMPOUND

EXAMPLE • Contributes negative FUNCTIONAL


charge to the molecule PROPERTIES
of which it is a part

• Molecules containing phosphate groups


(such as ATP) have the potential to react
with water, releasing energy.

Glycerol phosphate

12
Cells contain four major types of biomolecules

Macromolecules are very large molecules consisting of thousands


of atoms.

Four classes of macromolecules are essential for life:

Proteins
Lipids, including fats,
Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
Carbohydrates

Mono – Polymers

* The monomers are called residues after they have been incorporated into the
polymer.
13
Electrostatic forces or interactions

Electrostatic interactions are between and among cations (+ charge)


and anions (- charge), which are species with formal charge of ...-2,-
1,+1,+2...
Electrostatic interactions can be either attractive or repulsive,
depending on the signs of the charges. Like charges repel, whereas
unlike charges attract. In protein folding, RNA folding and DNA
helix, electrostatic interactions are dependent on salt concentration
and pH

14
Water Molecules Form hydrogen Bonds

The human body, for example, is about 60% by weight water, most
of it in the extracellular fluid (the fluid surrounding cells) and
inside cells.

The water molecule is polar.

The polar nature of the water molecule allows water molecules to


form hydrogen bonds with each other and with dissolved
hydrophilic (ionic and polar) substances.

15
Hydrogen bonds are one type of electrostatic force or
interaction

A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between hydrogen


atoms and nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atoms

Ionic Bonds is an electrostatic interaction between two oppositely


charged ions.

Example: electrostatic interactions between charged groups such as


Na+ and Cl- or carboxylate (COO-) and amino (NH3+) groups.
16
Hydrogen bonds are one type of electrostatic force or interaction

van der Waals interactions occur between nonpolar molecules and


these forces act only when the groups are very close.

Covalent bonds result when atoms share electrons.

Single bond Double bond

Although hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions are


individually weak, biological molecules usually contain multiple
groups capable of participating in these intermolecular interactions,
so their cumulative effect can be significant.
17
Hydrogen bonds are one type of electrostatic force or
interaction

18
Hydrophobic interaction or effect
Glucose and other readily hydrated substances are said to be
hydrophilic (water loving). In contrast, a compound such as fat which
lacks polar groups, is relatively insoluble in water and is said to be
hydrophobic (water-fearing).

Aggregation of
nonpolar molecules
in water.

19
?Hydrophobic Effects

20
Stereochemistry
Isomers
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structures and properties

- Cis-trans isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in


spatial arrangements

21
Stereochemistry
- Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each
other

22

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