Microprocessor and Interfacing

(MPI)
GTU # 3160712

Unit-1:
Introduction
to
Microprocesso
r
 Looping
Topics to be covered
 What is a Microprocessor?
 Basic concepts of Microprocessor
 Comparison Microprocessor vs.
Microcontroller
 System Bus
 Microprocessor systems with bus
organization
What is a
Microprocessor?
What is a Microprocessor?
Definition:

Can
“The Microprocessor is a
perform Multipurpose, Can be
multiple instructed to
tasks Programmable, perform
Provides specific task
Synchronizati Clock Driven, Store
on Intermediate
Register Based, Processing
Form of an
Integrated
Digital-Integrated Circuit data

circuit which
(IC) accepts binary data as input,
processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and
provides results as output.”
Basic concepts of
Microprocessor
Basic concepts of Microprocessor
 Microprocessor is a computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a
single chip that contains millions of transistors connected by wires.

Processor No. of transistors

Intel 8085 6500
Pentium IV 42 million
Core i3 1.4 Billion
Core i7 1.7 Billion
Basic concepts of Microprocessor

Silicon chip which includes

Microprocessor
ALU, Register circuits &
Control circuits

Microprocessor

Regist
ers
Contr
ol
Logic

ALU
Basic concepts of Microprocessor

Silicon chip which includes

Microcontroller microprocessor, memory &
I/O in a single package.

Microcontroller

RAM
Micro
Process ROM
or
I/O
Microprocessor vs
Microcontroller
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
It is vital part of computer It is vital part of embedded
system. system.
It contain CPU inside it but does It has CPU, fixed size of RAM, ROM
not contain on chip RAM, ROM and and peripherals mounted on a
other
It peripherals. device which
is multipurpose single
It chip. for specific task with
is designed
performs several tasks. fixed input, processing and
E.g. Software development, word output.
processing, playing games, E.g. Operating a washing
surfing etc. machine, handling mouse click
It operates at high speed It operates at comparatively lower
event etc.
compared to microcontroller. speed than microprocessor.
E.g. Clock speed of latest E.g. Clock speed is measured in
microprocessor is measured in MHz.
GHz.
Application: Application:
Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads Microwave oven, washing
etc. machine, remote control, Mouse
etc.
Basic concepts of Microprocessors

A small computer with a

Microcomputer microprocessor as its CPU.
Includes memory, I/O etc.
Microcomputer

RAM
Micro
Keyboar
processo ROM Display
d
r
I/O
Microprocessor, Microcontroller and
Microcomputer
Components of
Microprocessor
Components of Microprocessor
• Brain of the Small additional
computer. memory
• Performs location, which
Arithmet
Arithmetic and are used to
Logical ic and store and
Register
operations Logical transfer data.
Array
Unit
(ALU)

Control Unit

• It controls and executes the flow of

data between the microprocessor,
memory and peripherals.
• Signal permits the CPU to receive or
transmit data.
System bus
System bus
 The network of wires or electronic pathways is known as 'Bus'.
 The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity.
 Classification
1. Address Bus - Transfer Address

2. Data Bus - Transfer Data

3. Control Bus - Transfer Control Signal

System bus

Input/
CPU Memory Output

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus

System Bus
Address bus

Input/
CPU Memory Output

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus

System Bus
Address bus
 Transfers the addresses of Memory
or I/O devices.
 Address bus is unidirectional.
 The maximum address capacity is
equal to two to the power of the
number of lines present (2lines).
E.g. 8085 has 16-address lines
 Maximum address capacity
216 = 65536 bytes
Data bus

Input/
CPU Memory Output

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus

System Bus
Data bus
 It is used to transfer data within
Microprocessor and Memory/IO
devices.
 Data Bus is bidirectional as
Microprocessor requires to send
and receive data.
 Each wire of data bus is used to
transfer the data corresponding to
a single bit of binary data.

E.g. 8085 has 8 - data lines

8085 is known as 8-bit

processor
System bus

Input/
CPU Memory Output

Control Bus

Address Bus

Data Bus

System Bus
Control bus
 Microprocessor uses control bus to
process data.
i.e. what to do with the
selected memory location.
 Some control signals are Read,
Write and Opcode fetch etc.
 Control Bus is bidirectional.
 This is a dedicated bus, because all
timing signals are generated
according to control signal.
Microprocessor
systems with
bus organization
Microprocessor systems with bus organization

Input/Output
Arithmet
ic and
Register
Logical System Bus
Array
Unit
(ALU)

Control Unit Memory

ROM RAM
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
 In most simplified form a
microprocessor based system
consist of a Microprocessor, I/O
(Input/Output) device and
Memory.
 These components are interfaced
(connected) with microprocessor
over a common communication
path called system bus.
 Microprocessor is master of the
system and responsible for
executing the program.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
 Memory is responsible for storing
program as well as data.
 System generally consists of two
types of memories:
ROM (Read only and non-
volatile) and
RAM (Read/write and volatile)
 I/O devices are used to
communicate with the outer
environment.
 Example of input device: keyboard,
mouse.
Example of output device: monitor,
printer.
References
Book: Microprocessor Architecture, Programming, and Applications with the
8085, Ramesh S. Gaonkar Pub: Penram International
Thank You