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Quadratic Equation 2

The document outlines ground rules for engagement and respect in a learning environment, followed by objectives related to quadratic equations. It explains the discriminant's role in determining the nature of roots, the properties of parabolas, and methods for sketching graphs of quadratic functions. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises for solving simultaneous equations involving linear and quadratic equations.

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lilsage496
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16 views16 pages

Quadratic Equation 2

The document outlines ground rules for engagement and respect in a learning environment, followed by objectives related to quadratic equations. It explains the discriminant's role in determining the nature of roots, the properties of parabolas, and methods for sketching graphs of quadratic functions. Additionally, it includes examples and exercises for solving simultaneous equations involving linear and quadratic equations.

Uploaded by

lilsage496
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GROUND RULES

 Respect for
 everyone
Come prepared and be
punctual

 Engage actively
Stay focused and on
task
 Follow instructions
 Patience and persistence
QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Identify the symmetric properties of roots, maximum
and minimum values

Solve simultaneous quadratic and linear equations


By solving quadratic equations using the formula
 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
we can see that we can use the expression under the square
root sign, b2 – 4ac, to decide how many roots there are.
When b2 – 4ac > 0, there are two real distinct roots.
b
When b – 4ac = 0, there is one repeated root: x 
2 .
2a
When b2 – 4ac < 0, there are no real roots.
Also, when b2 – 4ac is a perfect square, the roots of the
equation will be rational and the quadratic will factorize.

b22 – 4ac is called the discriminant of ax22 + bx + c


Graphs of quadratic functions

Parabolas have a …and a turning


vertical axis of point called the
symmetry … vertex.

When the coefficient of x2 is positive the vertex is a minimum


point and the graph is -shaped.
When the coefficient of x2 is negative the vertex is a
maximum point and the graph is -shaped.
Sketching graphs of quadratic functions

When a quadratic function factorizes we can use its factorized


form to find where it crosses the x-axis. For example:
Sketch the graph of the function y = x2 – 2x – 3.

The function crosses the x-axis when y = 0.


x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x – 3) = 0
x+1=0 or x–3=0
x = –1 x=3
The function crosses the x-axis at the points (–1, 0) and (3, 0).
By putting x = 0 in y = 2x2 – 5x – 3 we can also find where the
function crosses the y-axis.
y = 2(0)2 – 5(0) – 3
y=–3
So the function crosses the y-axis at the point (0, –3).

In general: The quadratic function y = ax22 + bx + c will


cross the y-axis at the point (0, c).

We now know that the function y = x2 – 2x – 3 passes through


the points (–1, 0), (3, 0) and (0, –3) and so we can place these
points on our sketch.
y We can also use the fact that a
parabola is symmetrical to find the
coordinates of the vertex.
(–1, 0) (3, 0)
The x coordinate of the vertex is
0 x half-way between –1 and 3.
(0, –3)
 1+ 3
x= =1
(1, –4) 2

When x = 1, y = (1)2 – 2(1) – 3


y = –4
So the coordinates of the vertex are (1, –4).
We can now sketch the graph.
In general, when the quadratic function y = ax2 + bx + c is
written in completed square form as
a(x + p)2 + q
The coordinates of the vertex will be (–p, q).
The axis of symmetry will have the equation x = –p.
Also:
If a > 0 (–p, q) will be the minimum point.
If a < 0 (–p, q) will be the maximum point.
Plotting the y-intercept, (0, c) will allow the curve to be
sketched using symmetry.
EXAMPLE 1:

a) Write 2x2 – 8x + 7 in the form a(x + b)2 + c.


b) Write down the minimum value of f(x) = 2x2 – 8x + 7 and
state the minimum value of x where this occurs.
c) Solve the equation 2x2 – 8x + 7 = 0 leaving your answer in
surd form.
d) Sketch the graph of y = 2x2 – 8x + 7.

a) 2x2 – 8x + 7 = 2(x2 – 4x) + 7


= 2((x – 2)2 – 4) + 7
= 2(x – 2)2 – 8 + 7
= 2(x – 2)2 – 1
b) f(x) can be written as f(x) = 2(x – 2)2 – 1
From this we can see that the minimum value of f(x) is –1.
This occurs when x = 2.
c) 2x2 – 8x + 7 = 0
2(x – 2)2 – 1 = 0
2(x – 2)2 = 1
1
(x – 2)2 = 2

x–2=± 1
2

x=2± 1
2

x=2 1
2 or x=2+ 1
2
d) When y = 0, x = 2 – 1
2 or x=2+ 1
2

When x = 0, y = 7
So the graph cuts the coordinate axes at (2 + 1
2 , 0),
(2 – 21 , 0) and (0, 7).
The parabola has a minimum at the point (2, –1).
y
7

2– 1
2+ 1 x
–1 2 2
EXERCISE

1. If y = 2x2 1, find the minimum value of y and the corresponding value of x.

2. Given that y = , find the maximum value of y and the value of x at which
y is maximum.

3. Find the equation of the line of symmetry of the parabola y = 2x2 2x + 3.


One linear and one quadratic equation
When a pair of simultaneous equations contains one linear and one quadratic
equation, we usually solve them by substitution. For example:

Solve: y = x2 + 1 1
y=x+3 2

Substituting equation 1 into equation 2 gives


x2 + 1 = x + 3

Rearranging to give a quadratic equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0


gives
x2 – x – 2 = 0

(x + 1)(x – 2) = 0

x = –1 or x=2
We can substitute these values of x into one of the equations

y = x2 + 1 1
y=x+3 2
to find the corresponding values of y.

It is easiest to substitute into equation 2 because it is linear.


When x = –1: When x = 2:

y = –1 + 3 y=2+3

y=2 y=5

The solutions are x = –1, y = 2 and x = 2, y = 5.


EXERCISE

1. Solve the simultaneous equations:


x – y = 5 and

2. Solve the simultaneous equations:


y = 2x + 1 and y =

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