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Problem Solving

The document discusses problem-solving as a cognitive process essential for overcoming challenges and achieving goals, highlighting the difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems. Well-defined problems have clear goals and solutions, while ill-defined problems are ambiguous and require iterative approaches. Additionally, the document explores the role of eye contact in communication, emotion expression, and social dynamics.

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5 views10 pages

Problem Solving

The document discusses problem-solving as a cognitive process essential for overcoming challenges and achieving goals, highlighting the difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems. Well-defined problems have clear goals and solutions, while ill-defined problems are ambiguous and require iterative approaches. Additionally, the document explores the role of eye contact in communication, emotion expression, and social dynamics.

Uploaded by

park93949
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROBLEM SOLVING

PRATHEEKSHA

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

DR VEENA N

PES1UG23PY145
INTRODUCTION
• Problem-solving is a cognitive process that involves identifying, analyzing,
and devising strategies to overcome challenges or obstacles and reach a
desired goal.
• It is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence, critical for adapting to new
situations and achieving personal and professional success.
• It is an active process that requires the generation of strategies or potential
solutions. This phase involves thinking creatively and critically about
different approaches that could be taken to address the problem effectively.
• It often involves thinking outside the box and finding innovative solutions. It
encourages creativity and fosters a mindset that is open to exploring
unconventional approaches to challenges.
CHARECTIRISTICS
WELL- DEFINED PROBLEMS III - DEFINED PROBLEMS
• Well-defined problems have clearly stated goals and • Ill-defined problems often have ambiguous or unclear
known solutions. The problem solver understands goals. The problem solver may struggle to articulate
what needs to be achieved and what constitutes a precisely what needs to be achieved.
successful resolution.
• Information related to ill-defined problems may be
• The information and data relevant to well-defined
incomplete, ambiguous, or even contradictory. The
problems are usually well-organized and readily
problem solver may need to gather additional data or
available. The problem solver can easily access and
make assumptions.
process the necessary information.
• The process of solving ill-defined problems is often
• There is typically one correct solution to a well-
nonlinear, involving iteration and revisiting previous
defined problem. The criteria for success are clear,
and there is a specific path or set of steps to reach
steps. The solution may emerge gradually rather than
the solution. through a clear, linear sequence.

• The problem-solving process for well-defined • Constraints in ill-defined problems may be vague or
problems often follows a linear and sequential path. unknown. The problem solver may need to explore
Each step logically leads to the next, facilitating a and define constraints as part of the problem-solving
systematic approach. process.
FUNCTIONS
• Establishing Connection and Rapport:
• Eye contact serves as a fundamental element in building interpersonal connections and
fostering rapport.
• When individuals engage in appropriate and mutual eye contact, it creates a sense of
presence, attentiveness, and engagement in the conversation.
• Establishing connection through eye contact is crucial in both personal and professional
settings, enhancing the quality of relationships and promoting effective communication.
• Lack of eye contact may be perceived as disinterest, detachment, or a lack of engagement,
hindering the establishment of a meaningful connection.
• Expressing Emotions:
• The eyes are powerful conveyors of emotions, reflecting a wide spectrum of feelings.
• A warm and affectionate gaze can express love, intimacy, or positive regard, contributing to
emotional closeness.
• Conversely, a sharp or intense stare may convey anger, frustration, or hostility, serving as a
nonverbal expression of emotional states.
• The subtleties in the gaze, such as eye dilation, eyelid movements, and the overall gaze
pattern, play a crucial role in accurately interpreting the emotional content.
• Submission Signals:
• Avoiding eye contact or exhibiting fleeting glances may signal
submissiveness or deference in social interactions.
• Lowering the gaze or breaking eye contact can be indicative of
acknowledging a higher status or yielding to authority.
• The interpretation of dominance and submission signals varies across
cultures, emphasizing the importance of cultural awareness in
understanding these nonverbal cues.
EXAMPLES

WELL- DEFINED PROBLEMS III - DEFINED PROBLEMS


• Example : Puzzle: • Example : Climate Change Mitigation:
• Problem Statement: Complete a 100- • Problem Statement: Address the issue of
piece jigsaw puzzle. climate change.
• Characteristics: • Characteristics:
• The task is well-defined with clear • The problem is broad and complex, with
instructions. no clear parameters.
• The goal is straightforward: assemble • The goal is ambiguous: mitigating
all the pieces to form the complete climate change involves multifaceted
picture.
challenges.
• The solution is evident once all
• Solutions are diverse and may vary in
pieces are correctly arranged.
effectiveness and impact.
REFRENCES
• https://opentext.wsu.edu/psych105/chapter/7-4-problem-solving/
• https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Psychology/Cognitive_Psych
ology/Cognitive_Psychology_(Andrade_and_Walker)/06%3A_Problem_So
lving/6.01%3A_Types_of_Problems
• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/acp.2350090605
THANK YOU

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