SUBJECT: EEC

CHAPTER NO. 02
DOMESTIC AND
COMMERCIAL
INSTALLATIONS
MRS. P. S. TIKKAS
Rating of lamps, fan and socket outlet points used in
residential installation:
S.No Points used in residential installation Rating of
Lamp
• Lamps- 40 watt or 60 watt
•CFL- 20 watt
• LED- 12 watt or 25 watt
•Fan- 60 watt or 100 watt
•Socket outlet Lighting socket:- 100 watt Power socket :-
1000 watt
•Fluorescent Tube:- 28w,36w, or 40 watt-Rs. 40/- to 50/-
Crompton Greeaves,Philips, Bajaj,GE, Anchor etc
•Ceiling Fan 60 watt :- Rs. 1500/- to2500/- Crompton
Graves, Philips, Bajaj, havalles,, Usha, etc
•15A Socket outlet:-1000 watt-Rs. 30/- to 60/- Anchor, Vinay,
Great white, Leggards, etc
Following rules and guidelines for installation of residential electrification:-
1. Every installation is to be properly protected near the point of entry of supply
cables by a two-pole linked main switch and a fuse unit. In a two wire installation if
one pole is permanently earthed, no fuse, switch or circuit breaker is to be inserted in
this pole. A 3-pole switch and fuse unit is to be used in 3-ph supply.
2. The conductors used are to be such that size of conductor should carry rated
current and partial over load current safely.
3. The conductors installed are to be safe in all respects.
4. Every sub-circuit is to be connected to a distribution fuse board.
5. Every line (phase or positive) is to be protected by a fuse of suitable rating as per
requirements.
6. A switch board is to be installed so that its bottom lies 1.25 to 1.5 meters above the
ground floor.
7. A plugs and socket-outlets are to be of 3-pin type, the appropriate pin of socket
being connected permanently to the earthing system.
8. All incandescent lamps, unless otherwise required, are to be hung at a height of 2.5
meters above the floor level. And ceiling fans are to be hung 2.75 meters above the
floor.
9. Lights and fans may be wired on a common circuit. Each sub-circuit is not to have
more than a total ten points of lights, fans and socket-outlets. The load on each sub
circuit is to be restricted to 800 watts.
10. No fuse and switch is to be provided in earthed conductor.
.
11. Every circuit or apparatus is to be provided with a separate means of isolation such as a
switch.
12. All circuit or apparatus requiring attention are to be provided with means of access to it.
13. In any building, light and fan wiring and power wiring are to be kept separate.
14. In 3-Phase, 4-wire installation the load is to be distributed equally on all phases.
15. No additional load is to be connected to an existing installation unless it has been
ascertained that the installation can safely carry the additional load and that the earthing
arrangements are adequate.
16. Lamp holders used in bath rooms are to be constructed or shrouded in insulating
materials and fitted with protective shield and earth continuity conductor is not to be size
less than 7/0.915 mm.
17. The metal sheaths or conduits for all wiring and metal coverings of all consuming
apparatus or applications is to be properly earthed in order to avoid danger from electrical
shock due to leakage or failure of insulation.
18. Each sub-circuit is to be protected against excessive current (that may occur either due
to over load or due to failure of insulation) by fuse or automatic circuit breaker. 19. All
light conductors are to be insulated or otherwise safe guarded to avoid danger. After
completion of work the installations are to be tested (the test are to be carried out as
described) before energisation.
20. Earth Resistance : should be very low for domestic installation it should be equal to or
less than 5 ohm to 8 ohm21. Insulation Resistance between conductor : should be very high
for domestic installation it should be equal to or more than 1 mega ohm or it should be not
be less than =50 M/Number of outlet
Purpose of ELCB in residential installation: -
 An Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) is a
device used to directly to detect earth
fault current from an installation and cut off the
circuit from power supply and avoid
electrical shock to the person.
Purpose of MCB in residential installation: -
 Function of MCB is to trip the circuit when
there is over load and short circuit fault.
 At normal condition it acts as a switch.
Types of wiring:
1) Cleat wiring:
The cost of wiring is less. The PVC or VIR wires are carried through
porcelain cleats. This wiring is very simple and used for temporary application. The
wires are exposed to the sky, so there are chances of mechanical injury. This type of
wiring is rarely used.
2) Batten Wiring:
The cost of wiring is also less but more than cleat wiring. The PVC or VIR
wires are carried through batten. This wiring is very simple and now a day it is
rarely
used. More number of wires can be carried through the batten. Wires are exposed
to the
sky, so there are chances of mechanical injury. Fault finding is easy.
3) Wooden Casing capping wiring:
The cost of wiring is more. The PVC or VIR wires are carried through
wooden casing capping. This wiring is very simple but due to high cost and now a
day
it is rarely used. More number of wires can be carried through the wooden casing
capping. Wires are not exposed to the sky, so there are less chance of mechanical
injury
but these type of wiring catch the fire easily.
4) PVC Conduit wiring:
The cost of wiring is less. The PVC or VIR wires are carried through PVC
conduit. This wiring is very simple. More number of wires can be carried through the
different size of PVC conduit. Wires are not exposed to the sky, so there are less
chances of mechanical injury. future expansion is not easily possible.
exposed to the sky, so there are less chances of mechanical injury. Future
expansion is possible and repairing and maintenance is easily possible.
6) Concealed wiring:
The cost of wiring is very high. The PVC or VIR wires are carried through
the
channels made in ceilings and walls at the time of building construction.
This wiring is slightly difficult but appearance is very good, so it is widely
used. More number of wires can be carried through the different size of
channels. Wires are not exposed to the sky, so there are less chances of
mechanical injury. Fault finding is difficult. Future expansion is not
possible and repairing and maintenance difficult.
Number of circuits and sub circuits are determined in residential wiring.
Lighting Circuit :- (2 Mark)
 Each sub circuit should not have more than total 10 points (including lights, fans
and 5A socket outlet)
 Each sub circuit should not exceed 800 watts.
 Make the no. of lighting sub circuit for lighting load.
No of Lighting Sub circuits = Total Electrical lighting load/800W
OR
No of Lighting Sub circuits = Total No of lighting points/10
Power Circuit :- (2 Mark)
 For power load there should be maximum 3000W for 2 to 3 points.
 For power load there should be maximum 1000W for total 1 to 2 points. (old
rule)
 Make the no. of power sub circuits for power load.
No of power Sub circuits =Total electrical power load/1000W or 2000W
OR
No of power Sub circuits = Total No of power points/1000w or 2000W
Following stepwise design procedure for residential OR commercial
electrical installation:-
1) Find out the total electrical load for the given residential installation.
2) Differentiate this total electrical load in lighting load and power load.
3) Make the no. of lighting sub circuit for lighting load.
No of Lighting Sub circuits =Total Electrical lighting load /800W
OR
No. of Lighting Sub circuits =Total No.of lighting point/10
4) Make the no. of power sub circuits for power load.
No of power Sub circuits= Total electrical power load/1000W or 2000W
OR
No of power Sub circuits =Total No of power point s/1000Wor 2000W
5) Find out total power consumption of every lighting and power sub circuits.
6) Find out rated Input current for every lighting and power sub circuit.
P = V1 cosɸ
Where,
P = Input power for every sub circuit.
7) Determine the size of wire required for every sub circuit by considering
overload
starting surge and future expansion.
8) Draw the single line diagram.
9) Mark the batten on plan layout.
10) Find out the total length of batten or (conduit) required for every sub
circuit and
whole residential installation.
11) Find out the total length and size of wire required for every sub circuit.
12) List out the material required for whole residential installation.
13) Find out cost of material and labour in estimation chart.
14) Find out the total cost of estimation with profit margin and contingencies
charges.
15) Find out per point charges.
16) Draw the circuit diagram
Procedure for selection of wire and cable rating in residential
building electrification.
Ratings of Wires & cable are decided by the following points:-
 Total Electrical load of residential installation
 Supply providing to the motor which is used in installation.
 Power factor of the residential installation
 Future expansion.
 Starting current, over load and momentary short circuit of the load.
The procedure is as follows:-
1. Measure all electrical load for lighting sub circuit.
2. Measure all electrical load of power sub circuit.
3. Find out total Electrical load = Lighting load + power load
4. Find out rated input current = P = V1 cosɸ
5. Assume V= 230V, cosɸ= 0.8
6. Determine rated input current.
7. Find out starting current for residential installation. Starting current is 1.5
times rated input current for Starting current, over load and momentary short
circuit
of the load.
8. Determine the size of wire or cable according to starting current.
Function of Busbar Bus-bar: - ( 1 Marks)
 Distribute the load on 3-phase four wire systems.
 To provide number of connection of incoming line and to provide
easy way to connect number of sub circuit.
 For better firm connection.
 To provide easy access during inspection & maintenance.
 To avoid unauthorized changes or connection
OR
Incoming and outgoing lines are connected to the element. This
element means busbar
Material is used for busbar: (1 Mark)
1. Copper
2. Alluminium
Size of busbar chamber depends on following factors.
(4Marks)
 Total load or load current on installation
 Future load on installation
 No. of tappings provided on buabar
 Spare feeders provided if any
 Size of incoming and outgoing cable
 Whether bus bar is outdoor or indoor type

Bus bar chamber is required for larger installation.

•The electrical load of commercial installation is large therefore
3-phase 4 wire power service connection is provided to satisfy
the requirement of the entire load.
•Thus to distribute the load on 3-phase four wire system, bas-bar
chamber is used.
•Bus-bar is a copper or aluminum conductor (strip) to which
number of inputs and number of outputs can be connected.
•Incoming and outgoing wires or cables are connected to bus-bar
by
screw and nut arrangement.
Distribution board having separate energy meter for lighting
load and power load: ( 4 Marks)
Need of earthing of commercial installation:
1. To provide an alternative path for the leakage
current to flow towards earth.
2. To save human life from danger of electrical
shock due to leakage current.
3. To protect high rise buildings structure against
lightening stroke.
4. To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and
short circuit currents.
5. To provide stable platform for operation of
sensitive electronic equipment
Method of earthing of commercial installation:
( 2 Marks)
 Earthing of commercial installation is very
necessary to save the human life at the time of
ground fault.
Two types of methods are preferred for earthing.
1) Plate type earthing
2) Pipe type earthing
 Earth resistance for commercial installation should
be in between 5 to 8 ohm or less than it. This earth
resistance is measure by: i) potential drop method
and ii) Earth tester method. Earth resistance is
maintained by pouring of water in earthing pit.
 Size of earth wire is 18 SWG copper or 16 SWG GI
for lighting load.
 Size of earth wire is 8 SWG copper or 6 SWG GI for
power/ machine load.
Service Connection:- ( 2 Marks)
It is the input conductor or wire which is carried out
from supply company (authorities) pole to
consumers’ main board or premises.
Types of service connection:
overhead service connection
underground service connection
Types of overhead service connection: ( 1
Marks)
1. 1-Ph overhead service connection
2. 3-Ph overhead service connection
OR
1. Overhead service connection with Bare conductor
2. Overhead service connection with weather proof
cable
 Overhead Service
1.Connection.
When the distance of consumer’s premises is
more than 45 meters away from the suppliers
nearest distribution pole then the bare overhead
conductor s are used foe service connection.
2. When the distance of consumer’s premises is
less than 45 meters away from the nearest
distribution pole then the weather proof or PVC
cable is used foe service connection.
Bare Conductor Service Lines.
1. To provide service connections by means of bare conductor
service line to a double storey building, the bare conductors (E,
Ph, N) are run from the nearest distribution pole to shackle
insulator fitted to brackets fixed on a cross arm embedded in to
the wall of building at a suitable height.
2. Then the connection from the bare conductors are then taken
through weather proof cable or PVC cable through the G.I. pipe.
3. The upper end of the G.I. pipe where the service cable enters is
bent down words to prevent entry of rain water.
4. Then the service connection are taken to the service board through
G.I. pipe or on batten.
5. When service connections are provided to single storey building
by means of bare conductors, the bare conductors are brought
from nearest distribution pole to a shackle insulator clamped to a
G.I. pipe at a suitable height
PVC cable Service Connection.
• For providing the service connections to a single
storey building by means of PVC or weather proof
cable, a 8 SWG G.I. wire is stretched between the
nearest distribution pole and a clamp which is fitted
to a G.I. pipe raised above the roof of consumer's
building.
•
The height of G.I. pipe above the roof of consumer's
building is selected according to the Indian
electricity rule.
•
Then the weatherproof cable or PVC cable is clipped
along the G.I. wire stretched between the pole and
building.
Scheduled of material for overhead service connection for a
residential load as follows:
Two types of overhead service connection are used:
1) By using weather proof PVC Cable:
2) By using bare overhead conductors when the distance is more than
45 meter from the distribution pole
1) By using weather proof PVC Cable:
1. 4 Sqmm x 2 core PVC insulated cable or insulated wire 70 mtr
length : (Size of cable is depends on load 3 KW. & length of cable is
depends on service connection premises)
2. S shaped G I pipe 50 mm diameter 5 m
3. Earth wire 8 SWG 70 m
4. Meter board 01 Nos.
5. Stay wire 3 m
6. Stay insulator 01 Nos.
7. cement 01 Bag
8. sand 01 Bag
9. Pipe clamp 03 Nos
10. GI pipe 01 No.
11. Saddles for pipe fitting Lumsum
12. Screw required for pipe fitting Lumsum
13. Earthing sundry
14. Earthing plate 01 Nos
15. SWG GI Wire
16. Brass nut bolt 02 Nos
17. Miscellaneous
2) By using bare overhead conductors:
1. 2.5 Sqmm x 2 core PVC insulated cable or insulated wire
approximately 6 mtr length: (Size of cable is depends on load 3 KW. &
length of cable is depends on service connection premises) 2. 6 Sqmm
Bare stranded conductor ( 130 Meter)
3. 8 SWG GI Wire (60 meter) or Earth wire 8 SWG 70 m
4. S shaped G I pipe 50 mm diameter 5 m
5. Meter board 01 Nos.
6. Stay wire 3 m
7. Stay insulator 01 Nos.
8. cement 01 Bag
9. sand 01 Bag
10. Pipe clamp 03 Nos
11. GI pipe 01 No
12. Saddles for pipe fitting Lumpsum
13. Screw required for pipe fitting Lumpsum
14. Earthing sundry
15. Earthing plate 01 Nos
16. Brass nut bolt 02 Nos
17. LT Shackle insulator 02 Nos
18. Miscellaneous
Underground service connection:
• In a thickly populated area, as the space is main criteria in such cases, the service
connection is provided through the underground cable to the consumers
premises.
•
By considering the public safety and the beauty of consumer's premises it is
advisable to go for underground service connection.
•
For underground service connection paper insulated cable or PVC cables are
used as the service cables.
• For underground service connection, a trench is dug from nearest distribution
pole to consumer's premises and a layer of bricks is provided in the trench.
•
Service cable runs along the trench, through the GI pipe and a layer of sand is
used to cover the G.I. pipe.
One end of the cable is connected to the distribution line by means of a tee joint
enclosed in a cable joint box.Another end of the cable is terminated to the
consumer's main distribution board.
•
When the supplier's distribution is through over head lines, service cable is
connected to the distribution lines through a cable joint box maintained on the
supplier's distribution pole at a height of about 2.4 m from the ground.
• Entire cable length under ground is covered with a layer of sand and a layer of
Schedule of material for underground service
connection:
(Any Eight point expected: 1/2 mark each point)
1. 2.5 Sqmm, 4 core Armored cable: (Size of cable is depends
on load & length of cable is depends on service connection
premises)
2. Brick, soft sand for protection of cable.
3. If cable is laid across the public road then Cement pipe,
DWC pipe or GI pipe is
required for better protection of cable
4. Cable lug as per required size.
5. Cable Gland as per required size
6. Feeder piller or cable box or bus bar and cable end box.
7. GI pipe as required size.
8. Cable bushing.
9. 8 SWG Wire
10. Clamps, saddles etc
11. As such all service connection material like main switch,
MCB, Energy meter,
Neutral link, IC cut out, earthing set, nut, screws, and wooden
board. etc
UNDERGROUND SERVICE CONNECTION:
advantages of underground service
connection:
1. Repairing and maintenance is less
2. Appearance is good
3. Normally it is preferred for Residential
commercial and Industrial consumers
4. Armored cables are preferred
5. More safety
6. Chances of lightning stroke are less
disadvantages of underground service
connection
1. Cost is more
2. Repairing and maintenance is difficult.
3. Space required is more.