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Presentation Introduction To S & I

The document outlines a course on Sensor and Instrumentation, detailing prerequisites, course outcomes, and key topics such as measurement systems, sensor types, and selection criteria. It emphasizes the importance of sensors, actuators, and transducers in industrial applications and provides guidelines for choosing appropriate sensors based on various factors like accuracy and environmental conditions. Additionally, it includes links to instructional videos and a classification of different sensor types.

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shilpa srivastava
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28 views23 pages

Presentation Introduction To S & I

The document outlines a course on Sensor and Instrumentation, detailing prerequisites, course outcomes, and key topics such as measurement systems, sensor types, and selection criteria. It emphasizes the importance of sensors, actuators, and transducers in industrial applications and provides guidelines for choosing appropriate sensors based on various factors like accuracy and environmental conditions. Additionally, it includes links to instructional videos and a classification of different sensor types.

Uploaded by

shilpa srivastava
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SENSOR & INSTRUMENTATION

BOE 405

Unit 1
Sensor and Instrumentation
 Pre-requisite for Course- Basic Electrical Engineering
 Course Outcomes-

CO1 Apply the use of sensors for measurement of K3


displacement, force and pressure
CO2 Employ commonly used sensors in industry for K3
measurement of temperature, position,
accelerometer, vibration sensor, flow and level
CO3 Demonstrate the use of virtual instrumentation in K2
automatic industries
CO4 Identify and use data acuisition methods K3
CO5 Comprehend intelligent instrumentation in K2
industrial automation
University Syllabus
Contents:
 Measurement System
 Introduction & Definition of Sensor & Transducer
 Selection & Classification of Sensors
 Measurement of Displacement Using Potentiometer
 LVDT
 Optical Encoder,
 Measurement of Force Using Strain Gauge
 Measurement of Pressure Using LVDT based
Diaphragm
 Measurement of Pressure Using Piezoelectric Sensor
Youtube link for videos

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v25PCV_IJCw
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIf7zH5cIX8
Senses-Sensors
Senses-Sensors
Senses-Sensors
Senses-Sensors
Measurement System:
The term measurement system includes all components in chain of hardware
and software that leads from the measured variable to processing of the data
Introduction: Sensor, Actuators and Transducers
• A sensor is a device that provides usable output in response
to a specified quantity which is measured.
• In simple terms, a sensor is a device that detects changes
and events in a physical stimulus and provides a
corresponding output signal that can be measured and/or
recorded.

• Actuators are devices that work opposite to sensors. A


sensor converts a physical event into an electrical signal,
whereas an actuator converts electrical signal into a physical
event.

• Transducers are the devices that convert energy in one form


into another form. Generally the energy is in the form of a
signal. Transducer is a term collectively used for both sensors
Introduction: Sensor, Actuators and Transducers
Difference between Sensors and
Transducers
Difference between Sensors and
Transducers
Introduction: Criteria to Choose a Sensor
• Type of Sensing: The parameter that is being sensed like
temperature or pressure.

• Operating Principle: The principle of operation of the sensor.

• Power Consumption: The power consumed by the sensor will play


an important role in defining the total power of the system.

• Accuracy: The accuracy of the sensor is a key factor in selecting a


sensor.

• Environmental Conditions: The conditions in which the


sensor is being used will be a factor in choosing the quality of
a sensor.
Introduction: Criteria to Choose a Sensor
• Cost: Depending on the cost of application, a low cost sensor or
high cost sensor can be used.

• Resolution and Range: The smallest value that can be sensed


and the limit of measurement are important.

• Calibration and Repeatability: Change of values with time and


ability to repeat measurements under similar conditions.
Introduction: Basic Requirements of a Sensor or
Transducer
• Range: It indicates the limits of the input in which it can vary. In case of
temperature measurement, a thermocouple can have a range of 25 – 250
0C.

• Accuracy: It is the degree of exactness between actual measurement and


true value. Accuracy is expressed as percentage of full range output.

• Sensitivity: Sensitivity is a relationship between input physical signal and


output electrical signal. It is the ratio of change in output of the sensor to
unit change in input value that causes change in output.

• Stability: It is the ability of the sensor to produce the same output for
constant input over a period of time.

• Repeatability: It is the ability of the sensor to produce same output for


different applications with same input value.
Introduction: Basic Requirements of a Sensor or
Transducer
• Response Time: It is the speed of change in output on a stepwise
change in input.

• Linearity: It is specified in terms of percentage of nonlinearity.


Nonlinearity is an indication of deviation of curve of actual measurement
from the curve of ideal measurement.

• Ruggedness: It is a measure of the durability when the sensor is used


under extreme operating conditions.

• Hysteresis: The hysteresis is defined as the maximum difference in


output at any measurable value within the sensor’s specified range when
approaching the point first with increasing and then with decreasing the
input parameter. Hysteresis is a characteristic that a transducer has in
being unable to repeat its functionality faithfully when used in the
opposite direction of operation.
Introduction: Classification of Sensors

• Acoustic: Wave, spectrum and wave velocity.

• Electric: Current, charge, potential, electric field, permittivity and


conductivity.

• Magnetic: Magnetic field, magnetic flux and permeability.

• Thermal: Temperature, specific heat and thermal conductivity.

• Mechanical: Position, acceleration, force, pressure, stress, strain, mass,


density, momentum, torque, shape, orientation, roughness, stiffness,
compliance, crystallinity and structural.

• Optical: Wave, wave velocity, refractive index, reflectivity, absorption


and emissivity
Introduction: Types of Sensors

Displacement, Position and Temperature Sensors


Proximity Sensors.

• Resistive Element or • Thermistors


Potentiometer • Thermocouple
• Capacitive Elements
• Strain Gauged Element • Bimetallic Strips
• Inductive Proximity • Resistance Temperature
Sensors Detectors
• Eddy Current Proximity
Sensors • Thermostat
• Differential Transformers
• Optical Encoders Light Sensors
• Hall Effect Sensors
• Pneumatic Sensors • Photo Diode
• Proximity Switches
• Phototransistor
• Rotary Encoders
• Light Dependent Resistor
Introduction: Types of Sensors

Velocity and Motion Liquid Flow and Level

• Turbine Meter
• Pyroelectric Sensors • Orifice Plate and Venturi
• Tachogenerator Tube
• Incremental encoder IR Sensor
• Infrared Transmitter and Receiver
Fluid Pressure Pair
Force
• Diaphragm Pressure • Strain Gauge
Gauge • Load Cell
• Tactile Sensor
• Piezoelectric Sensors Touch Sensors
• Capsules, Bellows, Resistive Touch Sensor
Pressure Tubes Capacitive Touch Sensors
Introduction: Analog Sensors

• An analog sensor produces continuously varying output signals over a range of


values.

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