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1.operating Systems Types

The document provides an overview of Operating Systems, detailing their definition, structure, functions, and evolution. It discusses various types of operating systems, including single-user and multi-user systems, and highlights key concepts such as batch processing, multiprogramming, and time-sharing systems. Additionally, it outlines the services provided by operating systems and the categories of system calls.

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Angelin Beulah Shirly
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41 views36 pages

1.operating Systems Types

The document provides an overview of Operating Systems, detailing their definition, structure, functions, and evolution. It discusses various types of operating systems, including single-user and multi-user systems, and highlights key concepts such as batch processing, multiprogramming, and time-sharing systems. Additionally, it outlines the services provided by operating systems and the categories of system calls.

Uploaded by

Angelin Beulah Shirly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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S.

Bharathiraja
Associate Professor
School of Computer Science and
Engineering

Subject: Operating Systems


Code:BCSE303L
Text Book :

Author:A.
Silberschatz, P.B.
Galvin & G. Gagne,
Title:Operating
Operating
Systems
Contents
 Today's Topic: Introduction to Operating Systems

 We will learn
1. What is Operating System?
2. What OS does?
3. Structure of OS
4. Evolution of OS
 Batch Processing, Multiprogramming, Time
sharing systems
5. Operating System Functions
6. Main Functions of OS
7. Types of OS
 Single User, Multi User systems
What is OS?
 Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to
actually work.

 It is the software that enables all the programs we use.

 The OS organizes and controls the hardware.

 OS acts as an interface between the application programs and


the machine hardware.

 Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,


OS Basic Structure
Structure of Operating System
(Contd…):
 The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:
1. Hardware
Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O
Devices, etc,

2. Software (Operating System)


Software includes process management
routines, memory management routines, I/O
control routines, file management routines.

(Contd…)
Structure of Operating System
(Contd…):

3. System programs
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers,
linker etc.

4. Application programs
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway
reservation system, Bank database
management etc.,
An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the programs.

It provides programs an environment to execute.

It provides users the services to execute the programs in a convenient manner.
Command Line and GUI
Program Execution
File System Manipulation
I/O operations
Resource Allocation
Error Detection and Correction
Accounting
Communication
Resource Manager

 A Number of shared devices connected to a common bus with device controllers.


 Each device controller is in-charge of specific type of device
 The CPU and device controllers can execute concurrently competing for memory cycles.
 To ensure orderly access of shared memory, a memory controller is provided to
synchronize the access to the memory.
Protection and Security
Memory Hierarchy
Some important terms
1. Bootstrap program – The first program that runs once you switch
on the system from ROM. It knows how to load the OS and start
executing the system.
2. Interrupt – Occurrence of an event by either HW(Interrupt or
SW(System Call).
3. System Call - System call provides the services of the operating
system to the user programs via Application Program Interface(API).
It provides an interface between a process and operating system to
allow user-level processes to request services of the operating system
4. Kernel - is central component of an operating system that manages
operations of computer and hardware. It basically manages operations
of memory and CPU time. It acts as a bridge between applications
and data processing performed at hardware level using inter-process
communication and system calls.
Evolution of OS (contd..):
Major Technical Operating
Phases Innovations Systems
Tape batching, BKS system (1961)
Batch
First-in, first-out
Processing scheduling.
Processor multiplexing, Atlas supervisor
Multi- Indivisible operations, (1961),
programming Demand paging, Exec II system (1966)
Input/output spooling,
Priority scheduling,
Remote job entry

(Contd…)
Evolution of OS (contd..):
Simultaneous user Multics file system
Timesharing interaction, (1965),
On-line file systems Unix (1974)
Hierarchical systems, RC 4000 system (1969),
Concurrent Extensible kernels, 13 Venus system
Programming Parallel programming (1972),
(Multi Processor) concepts, Secure parallel
14 Boss 2 system
languages
(1975).
Graphic user interfaces OS 6 (1972)
Personal
Pilot system (1980)
Computing
Remote servers WFS file server (1979)
Distributed Unix United RPC (1982)
Systems 24 Amoeba system
(1990)
Batch Processing:
 In Batch processing same type of jobs batch (BATCH- a
set of jobs with similar needs) together and execute at a
time.
 The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control
from one job to the next.
 The job was submitted to the computer operator in form
of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared.
 The OS was always resident in memory. (Ref. Fig. next
slide)
 Common Input devices were card readers and tape
drives.
Batch Processing (Contd…):
 Common output devices were line printers, tape drives,
and card punches.
 Users have no direct interaction with the computer
systems, but they prepare their job and submit to the
operator who is operating the System (comprising of the
program, the data, & some control information).
OS

User
program
area
Batch Processing (Contd…):
Multiprogramming:

 Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of


programs simultaneously by a single processor.
 In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside in
main memory at a time.
 The OS picks and begins to executes one of the jobs in
the main memory.
 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU
switches from that job to another job.
 Hence CPU in not idle at any time.
Multiprogramming:

CPU
Multiprogramming (Contd…):
OS • Figuredipicts the layout of
multiprogramming system.
Job 1
• The main memory consists of 5
Job 2 jobs at a time, the CPU executes
one by one.
Job 3
Advantages:
Job 4 •Efficient memory utilization

Job 5 •Throughput increases


•CPU is never idle, so
performance increases.
Time Sharing Systems:

 Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of


multiprogramming.
 Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU
between them.
 In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so
it is called as “Time sharing Systems”.
 Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
 Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,
Operating Systems functions:

 The main functions of operating systems are:

1. Program creation
2. Program execution
3. Input/Output operations
4. Error detection
5. Resource allocation & Manager
6. Accounting
7. Protection
8. Memory Management
Types of OS:

Operating System can also be classified as,-

 Single User Systems

 Multi User Systems


Single User Systems:

 Provides a platform for only one user at a


time.

 They are popularly associated with Desk Top


operating system which run on standalone
systems where no user accounts are
required.
 Example: DOS
Multi-User Systems:
 Provides regulated access for a number of users by
maintaining a database of known users.

 Refers to computer systems that support two or more


simultaneous users.

 Another term for multi-user is time sharing.

 Ex: All mainframes are multi-user systems.


 Example: Unix
Services Provided by
System Calls :
 Process creation and management
 Main memory management
 File Access, Directory and File system
management
 Device handling(I/O)
 Protection
 Networking, etc.
Types of System Calls

There are 5 different categories of system calls


 Process control: end, abort, create, terminate,
allocate and free memory.
 File management: create, open, close, delete,
read file etc.
 Device management
 Information maintenance
 Communication

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