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Population and Sampling

The document provides an overview of population and sampling in research, defining population as the entire group under study and sample as a smaller, selected group from that population. It discusses various sampling methods, including probability sampling (simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic sampling) and non-probability sampling (purposive, quota, convenience, and snowball sampling), highlighting their characteristics and when to use them. The need for sampling is emphasized due to practical constraints like time, cost, and effort in studying the entire population.

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18 views28 pages

Population and Sampling

The document provides an overview of population and sampling in research, defining population as the entire group under study and sample as a smaller, selected group from that population. It discusses various sampling methods, including probability sampling (simple random, stratified, cluster, and systematic sampling) and non-probability sampling (purposive, quota, convenience, and snowball sampling), highlighting their characteristics and when to use them. The need for sampling is emphasized due to practical constraints like time, cost, and effort in studying the entire population.

Uploaded by

Fatima Noor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr.

Muhammad Islam
PhD (University of Leeds, UK)
Assistant Professor
University of the Punjab, Lahore
Introduction
Population

Sample
What is Population?
• Population is a large group of people
which you specify to conduct the research
and to answer the research question.

• It is the area where the results of the


study are generalized.

• It is the whole or the entire group; the


research study is being conducted to get
information about, whose properties are
analyzed to find the answer or the
solution and the results are drawn.
What is Sample?
• Sample is the smaller group, which is
selected from the population to be
observed and included in the research.

• Results are drawn from the sample and


generalized to the entire population.

• Number of the sample depends upon


the requirement of the research.
Steps Involved in Selecting
Appropriate Sample
• Defining the population related to
research problem

• Selection of specified group from


population referred to as accessible
Population (Salkind, 1997)

• Selection of sample from accessible


population
Need for Sampling
• Impossibility of studying each and every
individual in the whole population

• Limited time frames for the research

• Large amount of money is involved in


studying the whole population

• More efforts of the researcher are


required
Probability Sampling
• In probability sampling every individual in
the population has a non-zero chance to
be included in the sample of the study.

• It provides the researcher the more


representative sample, so it can be said
the more reliable sampling procedure
Probability
Sampling
Simple Random Sampling

Stratified Sampling

Cluster Sampling

Systematic Sampling
Simple Random
Sampling
• Chance for every member of the
population to be included in the sample is
equal and independent

• Chance of researcher’s own bias is


nowhere

• Need for sampling frame, containing


information about each and every
individual of the population.
Continued…
• Using the table of random numbers so that
the numbers may be assigned to the
members of population.
• Numbers in the table must be according to
the number of population i.e.
o (If total population is 1,000, the directory must be comprised
of the numbers from 0000 to 0999).
Example:

Table of Random Numbers

0371 0632
0845
0862 0539
0206
0932 0761
0937
0865 0903
Stratified Sampling
• Sample is not selected directly from the
population.
• Population is divided into subgroups,
referred to as strata.
• Sample is selected from these strata,
proportionally.
• The researcher needs to identify the reason
for making strata.
• Proportions are prior set by the researcher
Example:
A research is being conducted to check the status of female teachers.
Female teachers can be in the schools, colleges and the universities.
So school is one stratum, the colleges and the universities are the
other.
The population may be divided in these three strata:

v the schools
v the colleges
v the universities

The female teachers will be selected from these strata


proportionally.
Cluster Sampling
• is the Identification and study of the
sample in the form of groups.
• is done when the researcher cannot find
the required sample due to some specific
reason.
• so it involves the identification of the
groups and studying them
Example:

If the sample of a research study are:

1 the smokers
2 HIV/AIDS patients
3 the criminals

It would be very difficult for the researcher to find out


these people. Now the researcher has to define the places
where these people can be available, like cigarette shops
for the smokers, hospitals for HIV/AIDS patients and
Jails for the criminals. The cigarette shops, the hospitals
and the Jails will be termed as clusters.
Systematic
Sampling
• Sample is selected with the help of
sampling frame or the list containing
information about each and every member
of the population.
• kth number is determined
Procedure for
Determining Kth Number
• For determining the kth number, total
number of population (N) is divided by the
desired number of sample (n) and the
value is determined as kth number

• Then every kth number from the list is


included in the sample.
Example:

Procedure for Determining Kth


number

Total No. of Population (N) = 1000


Desired Sample (n) = 200
K = 1000/200 = (N/n) = 5
Kth number = 5
Kth Number (5)
• Every 5th member in the following list will be
included in the sample
• 1. A 6. F 11. K
• 2. B 7. G 12. L
• 3. C 8. H 13. M
• 4. D 9. I 14. N
• 5. E 10. J 15. O
Non-Probability
Sampling
• In non probability sampling the sample is not
selected randomly.
• It is used where the population is widely
spread and it is difficult to use any sampling
frame for such a great population
Types of Non-Probability
Sampling
• Purposive Sampling

Quota Sampling
•

Convenience Sampling

Snowball Sampling
Purposive Sampling

• In purposive sampling the researcher includes


the people in sample according to his/her own
choice
• It is called Judgment Sampling also
Quota Sampling
• Quota sampling is used in face to face
interviews
• The researcher fixes a quota and then
according to that quota the sample is selected
Example:

•See if you are going to compare the status of


educated and non educated individuals in a
society, you identify that 50% educated
individuals and 50% non-educated individuals
will be included in the sample.
•It means you are selecting a quota. So according
to this predefined quota, the sample is selected.
Convenience Sampling
• Convenience sampling involves no prior plan
but the researcher can ask every one to be
included in sample even while walking on the
way.
• Useful in academic research.
Snowball Sampling
In snowball sampling the researcher:
• does not prepare any sampling frame
• comes to know the availability of the
people with some specific characteristics
according to the requirement of the study,
• approaches to them
• comes to know the availability of the
people with the same characteristics
somewhere else through these people
• moves to further people with such
characteristics
Identify the population
of the topics given to
you,
select the sample and
decide which sampling
technique will you use
and why?

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