ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

(PUSIT504)

-Mr. Chayan Bhattacharjee

www.chayanbhattacharjee.com
SYLLABUS
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 Sound rules of
inference E E
• Here are some examples of sound rules of R
A J
inference
• Each can be shown to be sound A C
usingHa truth table
A T T
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 Wumpus World and
propositional logic
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• Find Pits in Wumpus world
• B ⇔ (P ∨ P ∨ P ∨ P C H A RJ
A ) (Breeze next to Pit)
x,y x,y+1
T T
x,y-1
A
x+1,y x-1,y

• Find Wumpus N B H
A YA
•S ⇔
C H (W ∨ W ∨ W ∨ W ) (stench next to Wumpus)
x,y x,y+1 x,y-1 x+1,y x-1,y

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• At least one Wumpus in world H A R
T A C
1,1 1,2
H T
• W ∨ W ∨ … ∨ W (at least 1 Wumpus)
A4,4

A N B
HA Y
• At most oneCWumpus
• ¬ W1,1 ∨ ¬ W1,2
Chayan Bhattacharjee
 Propositional logic
summary
• Inference is the process of deriving new sentences from old E
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C H
• Sound inference derives true conclusions given A true premises
T
• Complete inference derives all trueT A
conclusions from a set of premises
B H A
Y A N
• A valid sentence is true in all worlds under all interpretations
A
CH can be derived
• If an implication sentence can be shown to be valid, then—given its premise—its
consequent
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• Different logics make different commitments about what the world
H A R is made of and
what kind of beliefs we can have
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• Propositional logic commits only to the existenceT of facts that may or may not be
N B
the case in the world being represented
A
H A Y
• Simple syntax and semantics suffices to illustrate the process of inference
C
• Propositional logic can become impractical, even for very small worlds
Chayan Bhattacharjee
Limitations of propositional
logic E
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Propositional logic has limited expressive power J E
C H A
• unlike natural language
T T A
B H
• E.g., cannot say "pits A
cause breezes in adjacent squares“
• exceptY A
by N
writing one sentence for each square
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 First-Order Logic
E E
J facts.
• Propositional logic assumes that the world contains
A R
T A CH
H A
• First-order logic (like naturalT language) assumes the world
contains YA N B
C H A
J E E
A
• Objects: people, houses, numbers, colors, baseball games,
H R wars, …
T A C
• Relations: red, round, prime, brotherA
H T
of, bigger than, part of, comes
between, …
A N B
H A Y
C
• Functions: father of, best friend, one more than, plus, …
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