-Presented by Dherya

Panth of class 11th

DON BOSCO
ACADEMY ,LALITPUR
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THERMODYNAMICS
Understanding the laws and principle

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THERMAL
EQUILIBRIUM

- The flow of heat from hot body

to cold body

- It flows until both body got the

same temprature

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ZEROTH LAW OF
THERMODYNAMIC
S

- The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics is a

fundamental principle that lays the
groundwork for temperature
measurement. It states that if two systems
are each in thermal equilibrium with a
third system, then they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other. In other
words, if system A is at the same
temperature as system C, and system B is
also at the same temperature as system C,
then system A and system B are at the
same temperature.

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HEAT
INERTIAL
WORK AND
ENERGY
- Heat: Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between
systems or objects with different temperatures. The transfer
occurs from the hotter object to the cooler one until thermal
equilibrium is reached. Heat transfer can occur through
conduction, convection, or radiation.

- Internal Energy: Internal energy is the total energy contained

within a system due to the random motion and interactions of its
molecules. It includes kinetic energy (due to molecular motion)
and potential energy (due to molecular interactions). Internal
energy is a state function, meaning it depends only on the current
state of the system and not on how that state was achieved.

- Work: In thermodynamics, work refers to the energy transferred

to or from a system when a force is applied over a distance. For
example, in a piston-cylinder arrangement, work is done on the
gas inside the cylinder when the piston compresses it. Work is not
a state function; it depends on the path taken during the process.

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FIRST LAW OF
- The First Law of Thermodynamics
is essentially a statement of the

THERMO conservation of energy. It asserts

that energy cannot be created or

DYNAMICS destroyed, only transferred or

converted from one form to
another. Mathematically, this can
be expressed as:

- ΔU=Q-W

- Where:

- ΔU is the change in the internal

energy of the system.

- Q is the heat added to the

system.

- W is the work done by the system

on its surroundings.

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SCIENTIFIC HEAT CAPICITY

- Scientific heat capacity, often just called heat capacity, is the amount of heat required to change
the temperature of an object or substance by a certain amount. Specifically, it's defined as the
amount of heat (Q) needed to raise the temperature (T) of a substance by one degree Celsius (or
one Kelvin). Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
- C=ΔQ/ΔT
- Where:
- (C) is the heat capacity,
- (Q) is the heat added or removed,
- (ΔT)is the change in temperature.
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SPECIFIC
HEAT OF
WATER
- The specific heat capacity of water is \(4.18 \, \text{J/g°C}\).
This means it takes 4.18 joules of energy to raise the
temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
Water's high specific heat capacity is one of the reasons it's
so effective at regulating temperatures in environments,
making it essential for life on Earth. It's also why coastal
areas tend to have milder climates, as large bodies of water
can absorb and release heat slowly, moderating the
temperature.

- Water's ability to store and transfer heat also plays a crucial

role in weather patterns, ocean currents, and even the
cooling of power plants and engines. It's pretty amazing how
a simple molecule like H₂O can have such a significant
impact on our world!

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THERMODYNAMICS STATE VARIABLE
AND EQUATION OF STATE
- Thermodynamic State Variables

- Pressure (P): Force per unit area.

- Volume (V): Space occupied by the substance.

- Temperature (T): Measure of thermal energy.

- Internal Energy (U): Total energy within the substance.

- Entropy (S): Measure of disorder.

- Enthalpy (H): Total heat content.

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THERMODYNAMICS EQUATION OF
STATE
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THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

- Thermodynamic processes describe how a system changes from one state to another, involving
changes in temperature, pressure, volume, and other state variables. Here are some names of
thermodynamic processes:

- Quasi-static process

- Isothermal process

- Adiabatic process

- Isochoric process

- Isobaric process

- Cyclic process

- And so on.....
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QUASI STATIC PROCESS

- Equilibrium: In a quasi-static process, the system is always infinitesimally

close to equilibrium, meaning that all its states can be described by
equilibrium thermodynamics.

- Reversibility: Because the system is always near equilibrium, the process can
be reversed without any net change in the system and its surroundings.

- Infinitely Slow: This process occurs so slowly that the system has enough time
to adapt to any changes happening within or around it. This ensures that
pressure, temperature, and other intensive properties remain well-defined
throughout the process.

- Think of this process like a step-by-step journey where each tiny step is well-
planned to avoid any sudden changes or disruptions.

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ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

- An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process in which the temperature of

the system remains constant throughout the process. Here are some key points:

- Constant Temperature: The system maintains a constant temperature (T)

during the process.

- Heat Exchange: To keep the temperature constant, the system must exchange
heat (Q) with its surroundings. For an ideal gas, this means the heat added to the
system is equal to the work done by the system.

- Boyle's Law: For an ideal gas undergoing an isothermal process, As pressure (P)
increases, volume (V) decreases, and vice versa, while T remains the same.

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ADIABATIC
PROCESS
- ADIABATIC PROCESS

- An adiabatic process is a thermodynamic process in

which no heat is exchanged between the system and its
surroundings. Here are the key characteristics:

- No Heat Exchange: During an adiabatic process, the heat

transfer (Q) is zero. Q = 0

- Energy Conservation: Since there is no heat exchange,

any change in the internal energy (ΔU) of the system is due
to the work done by or on the system. ΔU = W

- Temperature Change: In an adiabatic process, the

temperature of the system can change even though no
heat is exchanged. For example, compressing a gas
adiabatically will increase its temperature.

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- In thermodynamics, an isochoric process, also
called a constant-volume process,
an isovolumetric process, or an isometric
process, is a thermodynamic process during
which the volume of the close
system undergoing such a process remains
constant.

ISOCHORIC PROCESS
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- An isobaric process is a thermodynamic
process in which the pressure of the system
remains constant. This means that even though
changes may occur in volume and
temperature, the pressure does not change.

- W=P(V2- V1)=µR(T1-T2)

ISOBARIC PROCESS
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CYCLIC PROCESS

- A cyclic process in thermodynamics refers to a series of processes

that return a system to its initial state. During a cyclic process,
various forms of energy might do work on the system and/or be
exchanged with the surroundings, but overall, the system's state—
defined by properties like temperature, pressure, and volume—
remains unchanged after completing the cycle.

- Here are a few key points to remember about cyclic processes:

- Work Done: The net work done by the system over a cycle is
equal to the net heat transferred into the system.

- Efficiency: When talking about engines, the efficiency of a cyclic

process is an important factor. It tells us how well an engine
converts heat into work.

- Examples: Two classic examples are the Carnot cycle and the Otto
cycle. These are idealized cycles that provide fundamental
principles for real-world engines.

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SECOND LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
- The Second Law of Thermodynamics is fundamental in understanding how
energy works and why certain processes happen. Simply put, it states that
the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.
Entropy, often thought of as disorder or randomness, tends to increase,
which basically means energy spreads out if it's not hindered.

- Here are a few more detailed points:

- Heat Flow: Heat naturally flows from a hot object to a cold one, not the
other way around, unless external work is done.

- Efficiency of Heat Engines: No cyclic process can convert heat entirely

into work. There will always be some waste heat.

- Irreversibility: Most natural processes are irreversible. This is why, for

instance, we can’t unscramble an egg or reverse other natural phenomena.

- Entropic Consequences: As we use energy, especially in forms like

electricity or fuel, a part of it always gets dispersed in a less usable form,
often as heat.

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REVERSIBLE - A reversible process in thermodynamics is an
idealized process that can be reversed without

PROCESS leaving any net change in either the system or its

surroundings. This means both the system and the
surroundings would be returned to their original
states. Although perfectly reversible processes don't
really exist in nature—they are more of a theoretical
construct—they help us understand the limits of
efficiency and the behavior of real systems.

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IRREVERSIBL
E PROCESS

- An irreversible process is quite the

opposite of a reversible one. In
thermodynamics, it’s a process that
cannot return both the system and
the surroundings to their original
states without leaving changes in the
system or surroundings. Irreversible
processes are common in nature and
have a few distinctive characteristics.

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CREATED BY DHERYA PANTH

SUBMITTED TO VIVEK
SIR THE END...

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