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Operating Systems Lecture # 1

The document outlines the fundamentals of operating systems, including their purpose, organization, and various types such as single-user, batch, multi-programmed, time-sharing, and real-time systems. It explains how operating systems manage resources, facilitate user interaction, and optimize CPU utilization. Additionally, it distinguishes between hard and soft real-time systems based on their time constraints and operational requirements.

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4 views

Operating Systems Lecture # 1

The document outlines the fundamentals of operating systems, including their purpose, organization, and various types such as single-user, batch, multi-programmed, time-sharing, and real-time systems. It explains how operating systems manage resources, facilitate user interaction, and optimize CPU utilization. Additionally, it distinguishes between hard and soft real-time systems based on their time constraints and operational requirements.

Uploaded by

helloworld64638483
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPERATING SYSTEMS

LECTURE # 1
RAZI UDDIN
GOOGLE CLASSROOM ACCESS CODE

• BCS-4C Class Code: 6foex2w


• BCS-4D Class Code: mx7qdqs
• BCS-4E Class Code: egln6yu

2
PURPOSE OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer systems consist of software and hardware that are


combined to provide a tool to implement solutions for specific
problems in an efficient manner and to execute programs.

3
COMPUTER SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

▪ Hardware
▪ Operating System
▪ Application Programs
▪ Users

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COMPUTER SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

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• The primary purpose of a computer system is to generate executable
programs and execute them.
• The following are some of the main issues involved in performing
these tasks.
1. Storing an executable on a secondary storage device such as hard
disk
2. Loading executable from disk into the main memory
3. Setting the CPU state appropriately so that program execution
could begin
4. Creating multiple cooperating processes, synchronizing their access
to shared data, and allowing them to communicate with each other 7
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM

• There are two views about this.


• The top-down view is that it is a program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the computer hardware and makes the
computer system convenient to use.
• The bottom-up view is that it is a program, that allocates and deallocates
computer system resources in an efficient fair, and secure manner- A
resource manager
• A slightly different view of an OS emphasizes the need to control the
various I/O devices and programs.
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SINGLE-USER SYSTEMS

• Allows only one user to use the computer at a given time.


• The goals of such systems are maximizing user convenience and
responsiveness, instead of maximizing the utilization of the CPU and
peripheral devices.
• They can adopt technology developed for larger operating systems.
• Often individuals have sole use of computers and do not need advanced
CPU utilization and hardware protection features.
• They may run different types of operating systems, including DOS,
Windows, and MacOS. Linux and UNIX operating systems can also be run
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in single-user mode
BATCH SYSTEMS

• Early computers were large machines run from a console with card readers and
tape drives as input devices and line printers, tape drives, and card punches as
output devices.
• User did not interact directly with the system; instead the user prepared a job,
which consisted of the program, data, and some control information about the
nature of the job.
• The job was in the form of punch cards, and at some later time the output was
generated by the system.
• Output=> result of the program + dump of the final memory and register
contents for debugging
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BATCH SYSTEMS

• To speed up processing, operators batched together jobs with similar needs


and ran them through the computer as a group. For example, all FORTRAN
programs were compiled one after the other.
• The major task of such an operating system was to transfer control
automatically from one job to the next.
• The CPU is often idle because the speeds of the mechanical I/O devices
such as a tape drive are slower than that of electronic devices.
• Digital Equipment Corporation’s VMS is an example of a batch operating
system.
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MULTI-PROGRAMMED SYSTEMS
• Increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has
one to execute.
• The operating system keeps several jobs in memory simultaneously.
• Since the number of jobs that can be kept simultaneously in memory is
usually much smaller than the number of jobs that can be in the job pool.
• The operating system picks and executes one of the jobs in the memory.
• The job has to wait for some task such as an I/O operation to complete.
• In a non-multi-programmed system, the CPU would sit idle.
• In a multi-programmed system, the operating system simply switches to,
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and executes another job.
TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS
• Multi-user, multi-process, and interactive system.
• Allows multiple users to use the computer simultaneously.
• A user can run one or more processes at the same time and interact with his/her
processes.
• A time-shared system uses multiprogramming and CPU scheduling to provide
each user with a small portion of a time-shared computer.
• Each user has at least one separate program in memory.
• To obtain a reasonable response time, jobs may have to be swapped in and out
of the main memory.
• UNIX, Linux, Windows NT Server, and Windows 2000 server are timesharing
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systems.
REAL TIME SYSTEMS

• A real-time system has well-defined, fixed time constraints, and if the system
does not produce output for input within the time constraints, the system will fail.
• Real time systems come in two flavors: hard and soft.
• A hard real-time system guarantees that critical tasks be completed on time.
• A less restrictive type of real-time system is a soft real-time system, where a
critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks, and retains that priority until
it completes.
• Example: Systems that control scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and certain display systems.

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HARD REAL-TIME SYSTEM

• Requires that all delays in the system be completed on time.


• This goal requires that all delays in the system be bounded.
• Secondary storage of any sort is usually limited or missing,
with data instead of being stored in short-term memory or in
read-only memory.
• Most advanced operating system features are absent too.

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SOFT REAL-TIME SYSTEM

• Where a critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks, and
retains that priority until it completes.
• As in hard real-time systems, the operating system kernel delays
need to be bounded.
• Soft real-time is an achievable goal that can be mixed with other
types of systems,
• Whereas hard real-time systems conflict with the operation of other
systems such as time-sharing systems, the two cannot be mixed.
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