Module 7.

Engineering Drawing Diagrams and Standards

Purpose

• The purpose of an engineering drawing is to convey the designers

requirements.

• The standard for Engineering Drawings is:

• BS 8888 and is supplemented by other standards such as the

Society of British Aerospace Companies’ (SBAC) Technical
Specification (TS) 88.
• A complete set of drawings for an aircraft, together with any
documents and specifications used, is the information required to
construct that aircraft.
 General Arrangement Drawing

• Contain overall profile particulars only, such as locations and

reference to the associated main drawings.
Main Assembly Drawing

• Main Assembly Drawings

contain information for the
assembly of individual parts,
that make up a sub
assembly.
Sub Assembly Drawing

• Sub Assembly Drawings contain

specific information on the
assembly of a component, such
as heat treatment, welding
requirements or anti-corrosion
treatments.
• Installation Drawings clarify details such as the correct procedure
for location, adjustment and settings when installing that
component.
Installation Drawing
Individual Part (or Detail) Drawings contain information such as
dimensions, material specification and tolerances to enable the
manufacture of a part.
Projections
Pictorial Projections

The methods of illustrating a part refer to its orientation with

respect to how it is viewed on a flat plane.

Three main types of pictorial projections are:

1. Perspective Projections
2. Isometric Projections
3. Oblique Projections
Perspective Projection

• A perspective view shows an object as it appears to an observer.

• It most closely resembles the way an object would look in a

photograph.

• Because of perspective, some of the lines of an object are not

parallel and therefore the actual angles and dimensions are not
accurate.
Perspective Projection
Isometric Projections

• An isometric view uses a combination of the views of an

orthographic projection and tilts the object forward so that
portions of all three views can be seen in one view.

• This provides the observer with a three-dimensional view of the

object
 Object

30 30 Base Line
° °
Oblique Projections

• Oblique projection differs from isometric in that one face of the

object is represented as if parallel to the vertical plane of
projection, the others inclined to it at an angle of 45°.

• Alternatively called ‘Cabinet’ projection

Oblique Projections

All receding surface lines

are drawn to half true
length.

Can also be
drawn at
Base Line 45 30°.
°
Orthographic Projection

• To show the exact size and shape of all the parts of complex
objects, several views are necessary. This is the system used in
orthographic projection.

• Orthographic Projection is the most common type used for aircraft

engineering drawings.
• This makes it necessary to have multiple views to incorporate all
the required detail.

• As many as six views may be required on complex objects. (A

gambling die has six unique sides)

Each face is unique

and must be shown
separately
Conventions
The two Conventions for Orthographic Projection are:

1. First Angle Projection

2. Third Angle Projection

• First Angle Projection has the object drawn REMOTE from the
surface of interest.
 PV

First Angle
Symbol
EV
FV

Truncated cone
Front View End View with two
concentric circles
drawn at the
Plan View REMOTE end of
the cone.
• Third Angle Projection has the object drawn ADJACENT to the
surface of interest.
 Third Angle
Plan View
Symbol

End View Front View

Truncated cone
PV with two
concentric
circles drawn
EV
ADJACENT to the
truncated end of
FV the cone.
Sectional Views

Used when the internal part of a structure needs to be shown.

Four main types of section view are:

1. Revolved Section

2. Removed Section

3. Complete Section

4. Half Section
Revolved Section

• Revolved Section used when the shape of a part needs to be

shown.

• The cut section is then rotated 90° within the drawing.

• It is normally used for simple objects with no interior parts, it
shows the part sectioned and revolved to illustrate it from another
angle.

• The sectioned part is shown by using hatching lines drawn at 45°

to the part.
Removed Section
• Removed Section can also be used to illustrate simple
parts by cutting the object and removing the section to
interpret it from another angle, usually 90°.

• The removed part is then placed outside the object unlike

the revolved section.
Sectional View in two planes
• It is possible for the cutting plane to change
directions, to minimise on the number of
sectional views required to capture the
necessary detail.

• The cutting plane lines are a thin chain with

thick lines at the end and at turning points
Half Section
• Half Section views are mainly used when it is beneficial to view
both the external and internal parts of a component
simultaneously.
What you
see when
turned
through 90°

Should really be
called a Quarter
Section!
Half-Section view
Exploded View
• Shows an assembly as it would be seen if it was laid out neatly in
construction order.

• Very useful for indicating the order in which a component is

assembled.
Complete Exploded View
Assembly
Exploded view of a gear pump
Drawing Lines

• Drawing lines are drawn iaw BS 8888 to ensure that interpretation

is clear at all times.

• The width of the line relates to the nib width of the pen/pencil used
to complete the drawing.
Type Description Width Application
(mm)

Continuous 0.7 Visible outlines and edges

Continuous 0.3 Fictitious outlines and

edges
Thin chain 0.3 Centrelines

Short dashes 0.3 Hidden outlines and

edges
 Dimension Lines
• Basic dimension lines use a standard format to ensure
commonality between designer and engineer.

• They are usually shown so they can be read when the drawing is
held along the bottom or right hand edge, to reduce the number of
times a drawing is handled, and so increase its working life.
3

 35
 25
Drawing Symbols

Drawing Symbols are used to save time and

space when compiling a drawing, the full
range is shown in BS 8888.
Machining symbols indicate the type of surface
finish that a component requires.

Type of
Value of surface
surface finish finish
Lap
(mm)
0.08
Drawing Changes

• Drawing Changes can usually be identified by use of an Issue

Number to show it incorporates the latest alterations.

• Some organisations publish a Drawing Master Reference List

which give details of current issues of all drawings associated with
a component or assembly.
Parts Referencing
• Part Referencing is a method of identifying the parts used for
each component.

• Each part that makes up the component is shown on the drawing

adjacent to a figure number in a balloon.
3
2
1

4
• Information about this part is listed in the Schedule of
Parts and include things such as quantity and material
specification.

• When the quantity cannot be specified the term ‘As

Required’ or A/R is usually written.
Validation of Drawings

• Modification and Repair Drawings are usually issued as working

drawings to enable the change to be incorporated.

• To ensure drawing authenticity they should have a Validity Stamp

impressed on them at issue.
Any Questions?
Auxiliary Charts and Diagrams
Auxiliary Charts and Diagrams

Additional types of diagrams and charts may be used to present

information for aircraft engineering maintenance purposes such
as:

1. Electrical Wiring Diagrams

2. Component Location Diagrams
3. Schematic Diagrams
4. Block Diagrams
5. Logic Flowcharts
Electrical Wiring Diagrams

• Wiring diagrams (WD) give information for the routing of electrical

components with regard to the wiring.

• This includes the type and gauge of the wire and terminal used at
each end of the wire run.
Electrical Wiring Diagrams
Schematic Diagrams
• Schematic diagrams are used to represent aircraft systems and
give details of operation.

• They are used with systems such as hydraulic, pneumatic,

lubrication and air conditioning.

Reservo Valv
ir e
Actuato
r
Pum
p
Schematic Diagrams
Block Diagrams

• Block diagrams are used to assist with fault diagnosis of complex

electrical and electronic systems.

RF AF
Demodulat
Amplifie Amplifie
or
r r
Loudspeaker
Flowcharts
Start
• Provides another aid to trouble
shooting by representing the actions Obtain No Is drill
of the system. correct
size
size
correct? Yes
drill
Secure drill in
chuck
No Is drill
Adjust drill speed
speed correct?
Yes

Align and secure work in

clamp
Drill hole

Finish
Logic Flowcharts

• Developed specifically for analysis of digitally-controlled

components and systems.

• Indicates specific types of logic gates and their relationship to

other digital devices in a system.
Aeronautical Standards
Something established for use as a rule, or basis of comparison, in
measuring or judging capacity, quantity, content, extent, value or
quality or a level or grade of excellence.
ATA Specification 100 (iSpec 2200)

• The Air Transport Association of America (ATA) has a

specification, to establish a standard for the presentation of
aircraft technical data.

• It is known as ATA Specification 100 (ATA 100) and is used to

ensure commonality of technical data.
• The ATA numbering system is a common referencing standard
for aircraft documentation.

• This commonality permits greater ease of learning and

understanding for pilots, aircraft maintenance technicians, and
engineers alike.

• The standard numbering system was published by the

Air Transport Association on June 1, 1956.
 The standard ATA 100 system uses a three element identifier
number.

1. The first element identifies the topic or system.

2. The second element identifies the sub-system.
3. The third element identifies the sub-sub- system.
• A chapter reference number for a Boeing 737 will be the same for
other Boeing aircraft, and Airbus aircraft.

• Examples of this include:

• Oxygen (Chapter 35)

• Flight Control System (Chapter 27)
• Doors (Chapter 52).
 Example of ATA 100 Numbering System
27 00 Flight Control System
00
27 31 Elevator and Tab Control
00 System
27 31 Elevator Feel Computer
14
27 31 Removal procedure for
14 Elevator
Page Block 401 Feel Computer.
Effectivity

• The word ‘Effectivity’ is used by aircraft manufacturers as a serial

number to identify different batches and types of the same
aircraft.

• The pages of all aircraft publications should have an Effectivity

Block containing the aircraft CN number.

• On many occasions the words ‘ALL’ is used to indicate that this

page pertains to all aircraft, regardless of batch or serial number.
Other Standards
• Military Standards (MS or Mil) are used in all aspects of
aviation, and has superseded the older Air Force and
Navy (AN) standards.

• The large number of old AN numbers were changed to

MS by simply changing the prefix.

• National Aerospace Standards (NAS) is for items of

hardware used within military aviation that has proven
satisfactory in the aerospace industry.