COMPILER DESIGN

Different Phases of
compiler
From Code to Execution->
-BY
PRITAM CHAKRABORTY
STREAM - CSE
SECTION - A
ROLL NO.- 12100122045
Table of Contents

3 6 9

Introduction to Compilers Semantic Analysis Code Generation

10

Linking, Assembly,
4 7
and Error Handling
Lexical Analysis Intermediate Code
Generation 11

Conclusion
5 8

Syntax Analysis Code Optimization

12

Resources
The Architects of Code 3

• What is a Compiler?
A compiler is a special program that translates a
programming language's source code into machine code,
bytecode or another programming language.

• The Role of Compilers in

Software Development
The primary purpose of a compiler is to translate source
code written in a high-level programming language into a
lower-level language such as machine code or assembly
language, allowing it to be executed by a computer.
The Language’s First Impression: 4

Lexical Analysis:
• Tokenization:
⚬ Tokenization breaks text or data into smaller units, called
tokens.
⚬ It simplifies text analysis in NLP and aids in lexical analysis
in programming.

• Lexical Errors:
⚬ Lexical errors occur when the source code contains invalid
sequences of characters or symbols.
⚬ They are detected during lexical analysis and typically
involve unrecognized tokens or incorrect syntax.

• Tools and Techniques:

⚬ Lexers
⚬ Scanners
The Grammar Guru: Syntax Analysis 5

Parsing Syntax Trees Error Detection

Techniques:
1.Predictive Parsing: Uses
1.Directed Acyclic Graph 1.Panic Mode Recovery: Skips
lookahead tokens to predict
(DAG): Represents shared tokens until a synchronizing
which production rule to use,
subexpressions in code, token is found, allowing
ensuring efficient parsing.
optimizing for repeated parsing to resume after an
2.Shift-Reduce Parsing: Shifts
patterns. error.
input symbols onto a stack
2.Huffman Tree: Encodes the 2.Phrase Level Recovery:
and reduces them to
frequency of symbols to Replaces a few tokens with
grammar rules, constructing
optimize parsing efficiency, appropriate phrases to
the parse tree incrementally.
commonly used in data correct errors without
3.Earley Parsing: Handles all
compression. halting parsing.
context-free grammars, 3.Rose Tree: A generalized 3.Global Correction: Minimizes
including ambiguous ones, tree structure where each the total number of
using dynamic programming node can have an arbitrary corrections in the entire
for efficient parsing. number of children, useful code to achieve a
for representing complex syntactically correct
syntax. program.
The Meaning Maker: Semantic Analysis: 6

1.Type Checking
a. Ensures Data Consistency: Validates that variables and
expressions are used with compatible data types.
b. Static Type Checking: Performs checks at compile time,
catching errors before execution.
c. Dynamic Type Checking: Validates types at runtime,
providing flexibility but with a potential performance cost

2. Symbol Tables
d. Variable Tracking: Stores information about variable names,
types, and scopes for quick lookup.
e. Function Management: Keeps track of function definitions,
parameters, and return types to ensure correct usage.
f. Scope Resolution: Helps in resolving the scope of variables
and functions, managing visibility and lifetimes.

3. Contextual Errors
g. Type Mismatches: Detects logical errors where operations
are performed on incompatible data types.
h. Undeclared Identifiers: Identifies usage of variables or
functions that have not been declared.
i. Inconsistent Definitions: Finds discrepancies in function
signatures or variable declarations across different parts of
the code.
The Translation Bridge 7

Intermediate Code Generation

Examples of
Intermediate Intermediate
Role of IR in
Representatio Code Formats
Optimization
ns (IR):

Acts as a Simplifies complex Uses statements

transitional form source code with at most three
between source constructs, operands,
code and machine making simplifying code
code, enabling optimization generation and
easier translation techniques more optimiz
and optimization. effective
 Fine-Tuning for Efficiency 8

Code Optimization:
Optimization Techniques
1.Improving Performance: Enhances the speed and efficiency of code execution by minimizing resource
usage and reducing runtime.
2.Parallelization: Splits tasks into concurrent threads or processes to leverage multi-core processors and
reduce execution time.

Basic vs. Advanced Optimization Strategies

3.Basic Optimization: Includes techniques like constant folding, dead code elimination, and loop
unrolling for straightforward performance improvements.
4.Advanced Optimization: Employs complex strategies such as interprocedural analysis, profile-guided
optimization, and speculative execution for significant gains.

Trade-offs: Performance vs. Complexity

5.Development Time: Advanced optimizations require more time and expertise to implement correctly,
impacting the development schedule.
6.Maintainability: Highly optimized code can become harder to understand and maintain, increasing the
likelihood of bugs.
 The Final Blueprint 9

Generating Target Code:

From IR to Machine Code
Assembly Code:
Bridging High-Level to Low-Level
Considerations for Different
Architectures:
• Instruction Set Compatibility: Ensuring the code is
optimized for the specific instruction set of the target
architecture (e.g., x86, ARM).
• Memory Hierarchy: Tailoring optimizations to the
architecture's memory hierarchy, including cache sizes
and latency, to maximize performance.
 Putting It All Together 10

Linking, Assembly, and Error Handling

Linking: Static Linking: Dynamic Linking: Assembly: Error Handling:

• Combines Incorporates Links libraries Converts Detects,

code and library code at runtime, source code reports, and
libraries to into the reducing into machine debugs issues
form a executable at executable code, creating to ensure
complete compile time. size. executable program
program. files. reliability.
 Conclusion and Resources

Conclusion:
The different phases of a compiler—lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis,
optimization, and code generation—each play a vital role in transforming high-level code into
executable machine code. Understanding these phases is essential for both compiler design
and efficient programming. Mastery of this process ensures accurate and optimized code
execution.

Resources:
GeeksforGeeks Compiler Design

TutorialsPoint Compiler Design

Techtarget.com
Principle of compiler design
-Alfred V. Aho & Jeffery D.Ullman
Thank you